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Edible Oil Reference – The Billion Dollar Site
Reference Section @ BillDoll.com – The Billion Dollar Site
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Edible Oil Reference ..
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Content derived from Wikipedia article on Vegetable Oil
Plant oils
Types
Vegetable fats (list) Essential oil (list) Macerated (list) Uses Drying oil - Oil paint Cooking oil Fuel - Biodiesel Aromatherapy Components Saturated fat Monounsaturated fat Polyunsaturated fat Trans fat
Vegetable fats and oils are substances composed of triglycerides, derived from plants. Nominally, oils are liquid at ambient temperature, and fats are solid, but this is an imprecise definition, as ambient temperatures vary, and typically there are "melting ranges" rather than "melting points". A dense brittle fat is a wax.
Triglyceride vegetable fats and oils include not only edible, but also inedible vegetable fats and oils such as linseed oil, tung oil, and castor oil, used in lubricants, paints, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and other industrial purposes. Although thought of as esters of glycerin and a varying blend of fatty acids, in fact these oils contain free fatty acids and diglycerides as well.
Triglyceride-based vegetable fats and oils can be transformed through partial or complete hydrogenation to fats and oils of higher melting point. The hydrogenation process involves sparging the oil at high temperature and pressure with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst, typically a powdered nickel compound. As each double-bond in the triglyceride is broken, two hydrogen atoms form single bonds. The elimination of double-bonds by adding hydrogen atoms is called saturation; as the degree of saturation increases, the oil progresses towards being fully hydrogenated. An oil may be hydrogenated to increase resistance to rancidity (oxidation) or to change its physical characteristics. As the degree of saturation increases, the oil's viscosity and melting point increase.
The use of hydrogenated oils in foods has never been completely satisfactory. Because the center arm of the triglyceride is shielded somewhat by the end triglycerides, most of the hydrogenation occurs on the end triglycerides. This makes the resulting fat more brittle. A margarine made from tropical oils, which are naturally more saturated, will be more plastic (more "spreadable") than a margarine made from hydrogenated soy oil. (In the U.S., the USDA Standard of Identity for a product labeled as vegetable oil margarine specifies that only canola, safflower, sunflower, corn, soybean, or peanut oil may be used. Products not labeled vegetable oil margarine do not have that restriction.) In addition, partial hydrogenation results in the formation of trans fats, which have increasingly been viewed as unhealthful since the 1970s.
Although many different parts of plants may yield oil, in actual commercial practice oil is extracted primarily from the seeds of oilseed plants.
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Contents
1 Uses of triglyceride vegetable oil 1.1 Culinary uses 1.2 Industrial uses 1.3 Fuel 2 Extraction 3 Production 3.1 Particular oils 4 History of edible vegetable oils in the United States 5 Waste oil 6 See also 7 Notes and references 8 Other references
Uses of triglyceride vegetable oil
Oils extracted from plants have been used in many cultures, since ancient time. As an example, in a 4,000 year old "kitchen" unearthed in Indiana's Charlestown State Park, archaeologist Bob McCullough of IPFW found evidence that natives used large slabs of rock to crush hickory nuts, then boiled them in water to extract the oil.
Culinary uses
Many vegetable oils are consumed directly, or used directly as ingredients in food - a role that they share with some animal fats, including butter and ghee. The oils serve a number of purposes in this role:
Texture - oils can serve to make other ingredients stick together less. Flavor - while less-flavorful oils command premium prices, oils such as olive oil or almond oil may be chosen specifically for the flavor they impart. Flavor base - oils can also "carry" the flavors of other ingredients, since many flavors are present in chemicals that are soluble in oil. Secondly, oils can be heated, and used to cook other foods. Oils that are suitable for this purpose must have a high flash point. Such oils include the major cooking oils - canola, sunflower oil, safflower oil, peanut oil, linseed oil etc. Some oils, including rice bran oil, are particularly valued in Asian cultures for high temperature cooking, because of their unusually high flash point.
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Industrial uses
Many vegetable oils are used to make soaps, skin products, perfumes and other personal care and cosmetic products. Some oils are particularly suitable as drying agents, and are used in making paints and other wood treatment products. Dammar oil, for example, is used almost exclusively in treating the hulls of wooden boats. Vegetable oils are increasingly being used in the electrical industry as insulators as vegetable oils are non-toxic to the environment, biodegradable if spilled and have high flash and fire points. However, vegetable oils have issues with chemical stability (there has to be a tradeoff with biodegradability), so they are generally used in systems where they are not exposed to oxygen and are more expensive than crude oil distillate. Three examples are Midel 7131 by M & I materials, FR3 by Cooper Power and Biotemp by ABB. Midel 7131 is a synthetic oil, manufactured by an alcohol plus acid reaction. Vegetable oil is being used to produce bio-degradable hydraulic fluid.[4] Common vegetable oil has also been used experimentally as a cooling agent in PCs. One limiting factor in industrial uses of vegetable oils is that all such oils eventually decompose, chemically, turning rancid. Oils that are more stable (e.g. Ben oil) are therefore particularly valued for industrial application.
Fuel
Vegetable oils are also the basis of biodiesel, which can be used like conventional diesel, and SVO (straight vegetable oil), which can be used in specially prepared vehicle engines.
Extraction
The "modern" way of processing vegetable oil is by chemical extraction, using solvent extracts, which produces higher yields and is quicker and less expensive. The most common solvent is petroleum-derived hexane. This technique is used for most of the "newer" industrial oils such as soybean and corn oils.
Another way is physical extraction, which does not use solvent extracts. It is made the "traditional" way using several different types of mechanical extraction. This method is typically used to produce the more traditional oils (e.g., olive), and it is preferred by most "health-food" customers in the USA and in Europe. Expeller-pressed extraction is one type, and there are two other types that are both oil presses: the screw press and the ram press. Oil seed presses are commonly used in developing countries, among people for whom other extraction methods would be prohibitively expensive. The amount of oil extracted using these methods varies widely, as shown in the following table for extracting mowrah butter in India:
Method Percentage extracted Ghani[8] 20-30% Expellers 34-37% Solvent 40-43%
Supercritical carbon dioxide can also be used for the extraction purpose and is non toxic.
Production
Crude oil, straight from the crushing operation, is not considered edible in the case of most oilseeds. The same is true for the remaining meal. For instance, animals fed raw soy meal will waste away, even though soy meal is high in protein. Researchers at Central Soya discovered that a trypsin inhibitor in soybeans could be deactivated by toasting the meal, and both licensed their invention, and sold soy meal augmented with vitamins and minerals as MasterMix, a product for farmers to mix with their own grain to produce a high quality feed.
The processing of soy oil is typical of that used with most vegetable oils. Crude soy oil is first mixed with caustic soda. Saponification turns free fatty acids into soap. The soap is removed with a centrifuge. Neutralized dry soap stock (NDSS) is typically used in animal feed, more to get rid of it than because it is particularly nourishing. The remaining oil is deodorized by heating under a near-perfect vacuum and sparged with water. The condensate is further processed to become vitamin E food supplement, while the oil can be sold to manufacturers and consumers at this point.
Some of the oil is further processed. By carefully filtering the oil at near-freezing temperatures, "winter oil" is produced. This oil is sold to manufacturers of salad dressings, so that the dressings do not turn cloudy when refrigerated.
The oil may be partially hydrogenated to produce various ingredient oils. Lightly hydrogenated oils have very similar physical characteristics to regular soy oil, but are more resistant to becoming rancid.
Margarine oils need to be mostly solid at 32 °C (90 °F) so that the margarine does not melt in warm rooms, yet it needs to be completely liquid at 37°C (98°F), so that it doesn't leave a "lardy" taste in the mouth.
Another major use of soy oil is for fry oils. These oils require substantial hydrogenation to keep the polyunsaturates of soy oil from becoming rancid.
Hardening vegetable oil is done by raising a blend of vegetable oil and a catalyst in near-vacuum to very high temperatures, and introducing hydrogen. This causes the carbon atoms of the oil to break double-bonds with other carbons, each carbon forming a new single-bond with a hydrogen atom. Adding these hydrogen atoms to the oil makes it more solid, raises the smoke point, and makes the oil more stable.
Hydrogenated vegetable oils differ in two major ways from other oils which are equally saturated. During hydrogenation, it is easier for hydrogen to come into contact with the fatty acids on the end of the triglyceride, and less easy for them to come into contact with the center fatty acid. This makes the resulting fat more brittle than a tropical oil; soy margarines are less "spreadable". The other difference is that trans fatty acids (often called trans fat) are formed in the hydrogenation reactor, and may amount to as much as 40 percent by weight of a partially hydrogenated oil. Trans acids are increasingly thought to be unhealthy.
Particular oils
The following triglyceride vegetable oils account for almost all world-wide production, by volume. All are used as both cooking oils and as SVO or to make biodiesel. According to the USDA, the total world consumption of major vegetable oils in 2000 was:
Oil source World consumption (million tons) Notes Soybeans 26.0 Accounts for about half of worldwide edible oil production. Palm 23.3 The most widely produced tropical oil. Also used to make biofuel. Rapeseed 13.1 One of the most widely used cooking oils, Canola is a (trademarked) variety (cultivar) of rapeseed. Sunflowerseed 8.6 A common cooking oil, also used to make biodiesel. Peanut 4.2 Mild-flavored cooking oil. Cottonseed 3.6 A major food oil, often used in industrial food processing. Palm Kernel 2.7 From the seed of the African palm tree Olive 2.5 Used in cooking, cosmetics, soaps and as a fuel for traditional oil lamps
Note that these figures include industrial and animal feed use. The majority of European rapeseed oil production is used to produce biodiesel, or used directly as fuel in diesel cars which may require modification to heat the oil to reduce its higher viscosity. The suitability of the fuel should come as little surprise, as Rudolph Diesel originally designed his engine to run on peanut oil.
Other significant triglyceride oils include:
Corn oil, one of the most common, and inexpensive cooking oils. Hazelnut and other nut oils Linseed oil, from flax seeds Rice bran oil, from rice grains Safflower oil, a flavorless and colorless cooking oil. Sesame oil, used as a cooking oil, and as a massage oil, particularly in India.
History of edible vegetable oils in the United States
While olive oil and other pressed oils have been around for millennia, Procter & Gamble researchers were innovators when they started selling cottonseed oil as a creamed shortening, in 1911. Ginning mills were happy to have someone haul away the cotton seeds. P&G researchers learned how to extract the oil, refine it, partially hydrogenate it (causing it to be solid at room temperature and thus mimic natural lard), and can it under nitrogen gas. Compared to the rendered lard P&G was already selling to consumers, Crisco was cheaper, easier to stir into a recipe, and could be stored at room temperature for two years without turning rancid. (P&G sold their fats and oils brands - Jif and Crisco - to The J.M. Smucker Co. in 2002.)
Soybeans were an exciting new crop from China in the 1930s. Soy was protein-rich, and the light tasteless oil was extremely high in polyunsaturates. Henry Ford established a soybean research laboratory, developed soybean plastics and a soy-based synthetic wool, and built a car almost entirely out of soybeans.[10] Roger Drackett had a successful new product with Windex, but he invested heavily in soybean research, seeing it as a smart investment.[11] By the 1950s and 1960s, soybean oil had became the most popular vegetable oil in the US.
In the mid-1970s, Canadian researchers developed a low-ecruic rapeseed cultivar. Because the word "rape" was not considered optimal for marketing, they coined the name "canola" (from "Canada Oil"). The FDA approved use of the canola name in January 1985,[12] and U.S. farmers started planting large acreages that spring. Canola oil is lower in saturated fats, and higher in mono-unsaturates and is a better source of omega-3 fats than other popular oils. Canola is very thin (unlike corn oil) and flavorless (unlike olive oil) so it largely succeeds by displacing soy oil, just as soy oil largely succeeded by displacing cottonseed oil.
Waste oil
As of 2000, the United States were producing in excess of 11 billion liters of waste vegetable oil annually, mainly from industrial deep fryers in potato processing plants, snack food factories and fast food restaurants.
Waste vegetable oil, sold as the commodity yellow grease has a market value of approximately $1.09 per US gallon ($0.29/l or $335 per metric tonne), expected to rise to $1.21 by 2013, enough to make collection economically viable.
Currently, the largest uses of waste vegetable oil in the U.S. are for animal feed, pet food, and cosmetics. Since 2002, an increasing number of European Union countries have prohibited the inclusion of waste vegetable oil from catering in animal feed. Waste cooking oils from food manufacturing, however, as well as fresh or unused cooking oil, continues to be used in animal feed.
See also @ Wikipedia
Fragrance oil Essential oils List of vegetable oils List of macerated oils Algae culture Biodiesel Non food crops Straight vegetable oil (SVO) Cooking oil Decorticator Expeller Extruder Lipid Mill Deodoriser
Notes and references
^ USDA Standard of Identity. ^ Compare, for example, the list of raw materials from which essential oils are extracted. ^ 4,000-year-old 'kitchen' unearthed in Indiana. Retrieved on 2006-07-31. ^ Linda McGraw (April 19, 2000). Biodegradable Hydraulic Fluid Nears Market. USDA. Retrieved on 2006-09-29. ^ Kalu (oil presser). Banglapedia. Retrieved on 2006-11-12. ^ Janet Bachmann. Oilseed Processing for Small-Scale Producers. Retrieved on 2006-07-31. ^ B.L. Axtell from research by R.M. Fairman (1992). Illipe. Minor oil crops. FAO. Retrieved on 2006-11-12. ^ Ghani. Banglapedia. Retrieved on 2006-11-12. A ghani is a traditional Indian oil press, driven by a horse or ox. ^ M. Eisenmenger, N. Dunford, F. Eller and S. Taylor (2005). "Pilot Scale Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction and Characterization of Wheat Germ Oil". AOCS Proceedings 96. ^ Soybean Car. Popular Research Topics. Benson Ford Research Center. Retrieved on 2006-10-23. ^ Barry M. Horstman. "Philip W. Drackett: Earned profits, plaudits", Cincinnati Post, May 21, 1999. Retrieved on 2006-10-22. ^ Canola oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-31. ^ Anthony Radich. Biodiesel Performance, Costs, and Use (PDF). Retrieved on 2006-07-31. ^ Waste cooking oil from catering premises. Retrieved on 2006-07-31.
Other references
Beare-Rogers, J.L. 1983. "Trans and positional isomers of common fatty acids." In H.H. Draper (ed.) Advances in Nutritional Research. Vol. 5 Plenum Press, New York, pp. 171-200. Berry, E.M. and Hirsch, J. 1986. "Does dietary linolenic acid influence blood pressure?" American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 44: 336-340. Beyers, E.C. and Emken, E.A. 1991. "Metabolites of cis, trans, and trans, cis isomers of linoleic acid in mice and incorporation into tissue lipids." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1082: 275-284. Birch, D.G., Birch, E.E., Hoffman, D.R., and Uauy, R.D. 1992. "Retinal development in very-low-birth-weight infants fed diets differing in omega-3 fatty acids." Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 33(8): 2365-2376. Birch, E.E., Birch, D.G., Hoffman, D.R., and Uauy, R. 1992. "Dietary essential fatty acid supply and visual acuity development." Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 33(11): 3242-3253. Brenner, R.R. 1989. Factors influencing fatty acid chain elongation and desaturation, in the role of fats in human nutrition. 2nd edn. (eds A.J. Vergroesen and M. Crawford), Academic Press, London pp. 45-79. British Nutrition Foundation. 1987. Report of the task force on trans fatty acids. London: British Nutrition Foundation. Central Soya annual report, 1979. Emken, E. A. 1984. "Nutrition and biochemistry of trans and positional fatty acid isomers in hydrogenated oils." Annual Reviews of Nutrition. 4: 339-376. Enig, M.G., Atal, S., Keeney, M and Sampugna, J. 1990. "Isomeric trans fatty acids in the U.S. diet." Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 9: 471-486. Ascherio, A., Hennekens, C.H., Baring, J.E., Master, C., Stampfer, M.J. and Willett, W.C. 1994. "Trans fatty acids intake and risk of myocardial infarction." Circulation. 89: 94-101. Gurr, M.I. 1983. "Trans fatty acids: Metabolic and nutritional significance." Bulletin of the International Dairy Federation. Document 166: 5-18. Hui Y. H., editor, "Bailey's Industrial Oil and Fat Products," Edible Oil and Fat Products Koletzko, B. 1992. "Trans fatty acids may impair biosynthesis of long-chain polyunsaturates and growth in man." Acta Paediatrica. 81: 302-306. Lief, Alfred, It floats: The story of Procter & Gamble, published 1958 by Rinehart. MacMillen, Harold W., Mr. Mac and Central Soya: the foodpower story, published 1967 by Newcomen Society Marchand, C.M. 1982. "Positional isomers of trans-octadecenoic acids in margarine." Canadian Institute of Food Science and Technology Journal. 15: 196-199. Mensink, R.P., Zock, P.L., Katan, M.B. and Hornstra, G. 1992. "Effect of dietary cis-and trans-fatty acids on serum lipoprotein[a] levels in humans." Journal of Lipid Research. 33: 1493-1501. Siguel, E.N. and Lerman, R.H. 1993. "Trans fatty acid patterns in patients with angiographically documented coronary artery disease." American Journal of Cardiology. 71: 916-920. Troisi, R., Willett, W.C. and Weiss, S.T. 1992. "Trans-fatty acid intake in relation to serum lipid concentrations in adult men." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 56: 1019-1024. Willett, W.C., Stampfer, M.J., Manson, J.E., Colditz, G.A., Speizer, F.E., Rosner, B.A., Sampson, L.A. and Hennekens, C.H. 1993. "Intake of trans fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease among women." The Lancet. 341: 581-585.
Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_fats_and_oils
End of Wikipedia content, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil
Content derived from Wikipedia article on List of Vegetable Oils
Plant oils
Types
Vegetable fats (list) Essential oil (list) Macerated (list) Uses Drying oil - Oil paint Cooking oil Fuel - Biodiesel Aromatherapy Components Saturated fat Monounsaturated fat Polyunsaturated fat Trans fat The list of vegetable oils includes all vegetable oils that are extracted from plants by placing the relevant part of the plant under pressure, to squeeze the oil out. Although few plants are entirely without oil, the oil from a small set of major oil crops complemented by a few dozen minor oil crops has become widely used and traded.
Oils may also be extracted from plants by dissolving parts of plants in water or another solvent, and distilling the oil (known as essential oils), or by infusing parts of plants in a base oil (a process known as maceration; see list of macerated oils). The distilled essential oils often have quite different properties and uses to vegetable oils, and are listed in the list of essential oils.
Vegetable oils can be classified in several ways, for example:
By source: most, but not all vegetable oils are extracted from the fruits or seeds of plants, and the oils may be classified by grouping oils from similar plants, such as "nut oils". By use: oils from plants are used in cooking, for fuel, for cosmetics, for medical purposes, and for other industrial purposes. The vegetable oils are grouped below in common classes of use.
Contents
1 Edible oils 1.1 Major oils 1.2 Nut oils 1.3 Food supplements 1.4 Other edible oils 2 Oils used for biofuel 2.1 Multipurpose oils also used as biofuel 2.2 Inedible oils used only or primarily as biofuel 3 Drying oils 4 Other oils 5 See also 6 General references 7 Notes and references
Edible oils
Major oils
Sunflowers are the source of Sunflower oil.These oils account for a significant fraction of world-wide edible oil production. All are also used as fuel oils.
Coconut oil, a cooking oil, high in saturated fat, particularly used in baking and cosmetics. Corn oil, a common cooking oil with little odor or taste. Cottonseed oil, used in manufacturing potato chips and other snack foods. Very low in trans-fats. Canola oil (a variety of rapeseed oil), one of the most widely used cooking oils, from a (trademarked) cultivar of rapeseed. Olive oil, used in cooking, cosmetics, soaps, and as a fuel for traditional oil lamps. Palm oil, the most widely produced tropical oil. Also used to make biofuel. Peanut oil (Ground nut oil), a clear oil used for dressing salads and, due to its high smoke point, especially used for frying. Safflower oil, produced for export for over 50 years, first for use in paint industry, now mostly as a cooking oil. Sesame oil, cold pressed as light cooking oil, hot pressed for a darker and stronger flavor. Soybean oil, produced as a byproduct of processing soy meal. Sunflower oil, a common cooking oil, also used to make biodiesel.
Nut oils
Hazelnuts from the Common Hazel, used to make Hazelnut oil.Nut oils are generally used in cooking, for their flavor. They are also quite costly, because of the difficulty of extracting the oil.
Almond oil, used as an edible oil, but primarily in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals. Cashew oil, somewhat comparable to olive oil. May have value for fighting dental cavities. Hazelnut oil, mainly used for its flavor. Also used in skin care, because of its slight astringent nature. Macadamia oil, strongly flavored, contains no trans-fats, and a good balance of omega-3 and omega-6. Pecan oil, valued as a food oil, but requiring fresh pecans for good quality oil. Pistachio oil, strongly flavored oil, particularly for use in salads. Walnut oil, used for its flavor, also used by Renaissance painters in oil paints.
Food supplements
A number of oils are used as food supplements, for their nutrient content or medical effect.
Acai oil, from the fruit of several species of the Açaí Palm (Euterpe). Grown in the Amazon region. Similar to grape seed oil. Used in cosmetics and as a food supplement. Blackcurrant seed oil, used as a food supplement, because of high content of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Borage seed oil, similar to blackcurrant seed oil, used primarily medicinally. Evening primrose oil, used as a food supplement for its purported medicinal properties.
Other edible oils
Carob seed pods, used to make carob pod oil.Amaranth oil, high in squalene and unsaturated fatty acids, used in food and cosmetic industries. Apricot oil, similar to, but much cheaper than almond oil, which it resembles. Only obtained from certain cultivars. Argan oil, a food oil from Morocco that has also attracted recent attention in Europe. Artichoke oil, extracted from the seeds of the Cynara cardunculus. Similar in use and composition to safflower and sunflower oil. Avocado oil, used a substitute for olive oil. Also used in cosmetics. Unusually high smoke point of 510°F. Babassu oil, similar to, and used as a substitute for, coconut oil. Ben oil, extracted from the seeds of the Moringa oleifera. High in behenic acid. Extremely stable edible oil. Also suitable for biofuel. Borneo tallow nut oil, extracted from the fruit of species of genus Shorea. Used as a substitute for cocoa butter, and to make soap, candles, cosmetics and medicines. Buffalo gourd oil, from the seeds of the Cucurbita foetidissima, a vine with a rank odor, native to southwest North America. Carob pod oil (Algaroba oil), from carob, used medicinally. Coriander seed oil, from coriander seeds, used medicinally. Also used as a flavoring agent in pharmaceutical and food industries. False flax oil made of the seeds of Camelina sativa, available in Russia as ryjhikovoye maslo (рыжиковое масло). Considered promising as a food or fuel oil. Coriander seeds are the source of an edible pressed oil, Coriander seed oil.Grape seed oil, suitable for cooking at high temperatures. Also used as a salad oil, and in cosmetics. Hemp oil, a high quality food oil. Kapok seed oil, used as an edible oil, and in soap production. Lallemantia oil, from the seeds of Lallemantia iberica, discovered at archeological sites in northern Greece. Meadowfoam seed oil, highly stable oil, with over 98% long-chain fatty acids. Competes with rapeseed oil for industrial applications. Mustard oil (pressed), used in India as a cooking oil. Also used as a massage oil. Okra seed oil (Hibiscus seed oil), from the seed of the Hibiscus esculentus. Composed predominately of oleic and linoleic acids. Perilla seed oil, high in omega-3 fatty acids. Used as an edible oil, for medicinal purposes, in skin care products and as a drying oil. Pequi oil, extracted from the seeds of Caryocar brasiliensis. Used in Brazil as a highly prized cooking oil. Pine nut oil. An expensive food oil, from pine nuts, used in salads and as a condiment. Poppyseed oil, used for cooking, moisturizing skin, in paints and varnishes, and in soaps. Prune kernel oil, marketed as a gourmet cooking oil. Pumpkin seed oil, a specialty cooking oil, produced in Austria and Slovenia. Poor tolerance for high temperatures. Quinoa oil, similar in composition and use to corn oil. Ramtil oil, pressed from the seeds of the one of several species of genus Guizotia abyssinica (Niger pea) in India and Ethiopia. Used for both cooking and lighting. Rice bran oil, suitable for high temperature cooking. Widely used in Asia.[58] Tea oil (Camellia oil), widely used in southern China as a cooking oil. Also used in making soaps, hair oils and a variety of other products. Thistle oil, pressed from the seeds of Silybum marianum. Relatively unstable. Also used for skin care products. Wheat germ oil, used as a food supplement, and for its "grainy" flavor. Also used medicinally. Highly unstable.
Oils used for biofuel
A number of the oils listed above are used for biofuel (biodiesel and Straight Vegetable Oil) in addition to having other uses. A number of oils are used only as biofuel.
Although diesel engines were invented, in part, with vegetable oil in mind, diesel fuel is almost exclusively petroleum-based. Rising oil prices have made biodiesel more attractive. Vegetable oils are evaluated for use as a biofuel based on:
Suitability as a fuel, based on flash point, energy content, viscosity, combustion products and other factors Cost, based in part on yield, effort required to grow and harvest, and post-harvest processing cost
A flask of biodiesel. Multipurpose oils also used as biofuel The oils listed immediately below are all (primarily) used for other purposes - all but tung oil are edible - but have been considered for use as biofuel.
Castor oil, lower cost than many candidates. Kinematic viscosity may be an issue. Coconut oil (copra oil), promising for local use in places that produce coconuts. Corn oil, appealing because of the abundance of maize as a crop. Cottonseed oil, shown in one study not to be cost effective when compared with standard diesel. False flax oil, from Camelina sativa, used in Europe in oil lamps until the 18th century. Hemp oil, relatively low in emissions. High flash point. Production is problematic in some countries because of its association with marijuana. Mustard oil, shown to be comparable to Canola oil as a biofuel. Palm oil, very popular for biofuel, but the environmental impact from growing large quantities of oil palms has recently called the use of palm oil into question. Peanut oil, used in one of the first demonstrations of the Diesel engine in 1900. Radish oil. Wild radish contains up to 48% oil, making it appealing as a fuel. Rapeseed oil, the most common base oil used in Europe in biodiesel production. Ramtil oil, used for lighting in India. Rice bran oil, appealing because of lower cost than many other vegetable oils. Widely grown in Asia. Safflower oil, explored recently as a biofuel in Montana. Soybean oil, not economical as a fuel crop, but appealing as a byproduct of soybean crops for other uses. Sunflower oil, suitable as a fuel, but not necessarily cost effective. Tung oil, referenced in several lists of vegetable oils that are suitable for biodiesel.
Inedible oils used only or primarily as biofuel
These oils are extracted from plants that are cultivated solely for producing oil-based biofuel. These, plus the major oils described above, have received much more attention as fuel oils than other plant oils.
Algae oil, recently developed by MIT scientist Isaac Berzin. Byproduct of a smokestack emission reduction system. Copaiba, an oleoresin tapped from species of genus Copaifera. Used in Brazil as a major source of biodiesel. Honge oil, pioneered as a biofuel by Udipi Shrinivasa in Bangalore, India. Jatropha oil, widely used in India as a fuel oil. Has attracted strong proponents for use as a biofuel. Jojoba oil, from the Simmondsia chinensis, a desert shrub. Milk bush, popularized by chemist Melvin Calvin in the 1950s. Researched in the 1980s by PetroBras, the Brazilian national petroleum company. Petroleum nut oil, from the Petroleum nut native to the Philippines. The Philippine government once explored the use of the petroleum nut as a biofuel.
Drying oils
Drying oils are vegetable oils that dry to a hard finish at normal temperatures. Such oils are used as the basis of oil paints, and in other paint and wood finishing applications. In addition to the oils listed here, walnut, sunflower and safflower oil are also considered to be drying oils.
Dammar oil, from the Canarium strictum, used in paint as a drying agent. Can also be used as in oil lamps. Linseed oil, used in paints, also suitable for human consumption. Poppyseed oil, similar in usage to linseed oil but with better color stability. Stillingia oil, obtained by solvent from the seeds of Sapium sebiferum. Used as a drying agent in paints and varnishes. Tung oil, used in wood finishing. Vernonia oil is produced from the seeds of the Vernonia galamensis. It is composed of 73-80% vernolic acid, which can be used to make epoxies for manufacturing adhesives, varnishes and paints, and industrial coatings.
Other oils
A number of pressed vegetable oils are either not edible, or not used as an edible oil.
Castor beans are the source of castor oilAmur cork tree fruit oil, pressed from the fruit of the Phellodendron amurense, used medicinally and as an insecticide. Apple seed oil, used in cosmetics for its hydrating properties. Balanos oil, pressed from the seeds of Balanites aegyptiaca, was used in ancient Egypt as the base for perfumes. Bladderpod oil, pressed from the seeds of Lesquerella fendleri, native to North America. Rich in lesquerolic acid, which is chemically similar to the ricinoleic acid found in castor oil. Many industrial uses. Possible substitute for castor oil as it requires much less moisture than castor beans. Brucea javanica oil, extracted from the seeds of the Brucea javanica. Used medicinally. Burdock oil (Bur oil) extracted from the root of the burdock. Used medicinally in scalp treatment. Candlenut oil (Kukui nut oil), produced in Hawai'i, used primarily for skin care products. Carrot seed oil (pressed), from carrot seeds, used in skin care products. Castor oil, with many industrial and medicinal uses. Castor beans are also a source of the toxin ricin. Chaulmoogra oil, from the seeds of Taraktogenos kurzli, used for many centuries, internally and externally, to treat leprosy. Also used to treat secondary syphilis, rheumatism, scrofula, and in phthisis. Crambe oil, extracted from the seeds of the Crambe abyssinica, is used as an industrial lubricant, a corrosion inhibitor, and as an ingredient in the manufacture of synthetic rubber. Cuphea oil, from a number of species of genre Cuphea. Of interest as sources of medium chain triglycerides. Jojoba oil, used in cosmetics as an alternative to whale oil spermaceti. Lemon oil, similar in fragrance to the fruit. One of a small number of cold pressed essential oils. Used medicinally, as an antiseptic, and in cosmetics. Mango oil, pressed from the stones of the mango fruit, is high in stearic acid, and can be used for making soap. Mowrah butter, from the seeds of the Madhuca latifolia and Madhuca longifolia, both native to India. Crude Mowrah butter is used as a fat for spinning wool, for making candles and soap. The refined fat is used as an edible fat and vegetable ghee in India. Neem oil, used in cosmetics, for medicinal purposes, and as an insecticide. Orange oil, like lemon oil, cold pressed rather than distilled. Consists of 90% d-Limonene. Used as a fragrance, in cleaning products and in flavoring foods. The fruit of the sea buckthornPalm kernel oil, extracted from the kernel of the palm fruit. High in saturated fats. Popular in West African and Brazilian cuisine. Rosehip seed oil, used primarily in skin care products, particularly for aging or damaged skin. Produced in Chile. Sea buckthorn oil, derived from Hippophae rhamnoides, produced in northern China, used primarily medicinally. Shea butter, used primarily in skin care products. Snowball seed oil (Viburnum oil), from Viburnum opulus seeds. High in tocopherol, carotinoides and unsaturated fatty acids. Used medicinally. Tall oil, produced as a byproduct of wood pulp manufacture. A further byproduct called tall oil fatty acid (TOFA) is a cheap source of oleic acid. Tamanu oil, originates in Tahiti, from the Calophyllum tacamahaca, used for skin care and medicinally. Tonka bean oil (Cumaru oil), used for flavoring tobacco and snuff.
See also @ Wikipedia
Carrier oil discusses the use of (pressed) vegetable oils, mixed with essential oils Complementary and alternative medicine INCI explains naming conventions for oils used in cosmetics and soaps Fatty acids discusses the components of most vegetable oils
General references
Bulk Oil Trading. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. This site was very helpful in making this list more comprehensive. R.O. Adlof and G. Duchateau. Seed oil translations (PDF). Lists seed oil names in English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Turkish and Portuguese. Hormel Foods: Other Oils and Fats Cooking Guide. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. Lists smoke points of various oils. Vegetable Oil Yields and Characteristics. Retrieved on 2006-07-21. Compiles useful information on vegetable oils from a number of sources. Yokayo Biofuels: History of Biodiesel. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. Gives a good overview of biodiesel and the oils that are used to produce it. Yokayo is a California-based company that sells biofuel. Castor Oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. The site contains a large set of resources on castor oil and many other oils, particularly those used to make biodiesel. Botanical Garden of Indian Republic (BGIR) (April 5, 2004). Database of Oil Yielding Plants. Botanical Survey of India. Retrieved on 2006-11-17. List of about 300 plants that grow in India, and that yield oil. Also gives common names in languages spoken in India. H.F. Macmillan. “Oils and Vegetable Fats”, Handbook of Tropical Plants. Herbdata New Zealand. Old reference with basic information on an unusually large variety of plant oils.
Notes and references
^ Economic Research Service (1995-2006). Oil Crops Outlook. United States Department of Agriculture. This publication is available via email subscription. ^ B.L. Axtell from research by R.M. Fairman (1992). Minor oil crops. FAO. Retrieved on 2006-11-10. ^ Coconut-Info.com. Retrieved on 2006-07-24. ^ Bulk Oil: Corn oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-24. ^ Bulk oil: Cottonseed oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-24. ^ Canola Oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-24. ^ Olive oil history. Retrieved on 2006-07-24. ^ Bulk oil: Palm oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-24. ^ Cook's encyclopedia: Peanut oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-24. ^ Bulk oil: safflower. Retrieved on 2006-07-24. ^ Bulk oil: sesame oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-24. ^ Southeast Farm Press: World soybean consumption quickens. Retrieved on 2006-07-31. ^ Bulk oil: Sunflower oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-24. ^ Bulk oil: Almond oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-24. ^ Science Service, Inc. (March 23, 1991). "Cashew oil may conquer cavities". Science News. ^ Cook's encyclopedia: Hazelnut oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-24. ^ Bulk Carrier and Vegetable Oils: Hazelnut oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-24. ^ Mac Nut Oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-24. ^ J. Benton Storey. Pecans as a health food. Retrieved on 2006-07-24. ^ Virgin pistachio oil. 1,001 Huiles Web site. Retrieved on 2006-07-24. ^ What's cooking America? - Walnut oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-24. ^ About.com: Is Walnut Oil a Good, Non-Toxic Medium for Oils?. Retrieved on 2006-07-24. ^ Bulk oil: Acai oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-24. ^ PDR Health: Blackcurrant Seed Oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-24. ^ Truestar Health: Borage Oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. ^ Truestar Health: Evening primrose oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. ^ Nu World: Amaranth oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. ^ Botanical.com: Apricit. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. ^ Argan oil. Retrieved on 2006-02-10. ^ Plant Oils Used for Bio-diesel. BDPedia.com, the Biodiesel WWW Encyclopedia. Retrieved on 2006-11-18. ^ Food reference: Avocado. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. ^ Purdue New Crops: Avocado oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. ^ See chart in smoke point ^ By the planet: What is Babassu Oil?. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. ^ a b Beauty Secrets of the Ancient Egyptians. Tour Egypt online magazine. Retrieved on 2006-07-24. Mentions use of balanos oil and ben oil in perfumes. ^ B.L. Axtell from research by R.M. Fairman (1992). “Borneo tallow nut”, Minor oil crops. FAO. Retrieved on 2006-11-10. ^ a b Squashes, Gourds and Pumpkins. ECHO. Retrieved on 2006-11-12. ^ Carob@Everything2.com. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. ^ Coriander Seed Oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. ^ a b False Flax Oil. Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie. Retrieved on 2006-07-24. ^ All Spirit Fitness: Grape Seed Oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. ^ Hemp oil: A true superfood?. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. ^ Kapok seed oil. German Transport Information Service. Retrieved on 2006-07-24. ^ Glynis Jones, Soultana M. Valamoti (2005). "Lallemantia, an imported or introduced oil plant in Bronze Age northern Greece". Vegetation history and archaeobotany 14 (4): 571-577. Retrieved on 2006-11-08. ^ Dan Burden. Meadowfoam. AgMRC Web site. Retrieved on 2006-07-24. ^ German Transport Information System: Mustard oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. ^ R. Holser, G. Bost (May, 2004). "Hibiscus seed oil compositions". AOCS 95. ^ David M. Brenner (1993). Perilla: Botany, Uses and Genetic Resources. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. ^ B.L. Axtell from research by R.M. Fairman (1992). “Caryocar spp.”, Minor oil crops. FAO. Retrieved on 2006-11-10. ^ Recipe Tips: Pine Seed Oil - Glossary of Kitchen and Food Terms. Retrieved on 2006-07-21. ^ Raw oils: Poppy Seed oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. ^ Statfold oils: Poppyseed oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. ^ About.com: Oil Painting: Drying Oils or Mediums. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. ^ Virgin prune kernel oil. Iterg, the French Institute for Fats and Oils. Retrieved on 2006-07-24. ^ Pumpkin seed oil - information. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. ^ Michael J. Koziol (1993). "Quinoa: A Potential New Oil Crop". New crops 2. ^ The Probert Encyclopedia: Ramtil Oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. ^ California Rice Oil: Rice Bran Oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. ^ John M. Ruter (1993). “Nursery Production of Tea Oil Camellia Under Different Light Levels”, Trends in new crops and new uses. ^ Danish Food Composition Database: Thistle oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. ^ Kitchen Dictionary: Wheat Germ. ^ Ethanol and, to a lesser degree, methanol are the other major types of biofuel. ^ a b c Castoroil.in: Bio fuels. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. ^ a b Biodiesel America: Dr. Diesel's Invention. Retrieved on 2006-07-31. ^ CastorOil.in: Castor Oil as Biodiesel & Biofuel. Retrieved on 2007-07-25. ^ Coconut Oil as a Biofuel in Pacific Islands - Challenges & Opportunities (PDF). South Pacific Applied Geoscience Web site. ^ Ronald C. Griffin and Madhu Jamallamudi. The Economic Circumstances of Cottonseed Oil as Biodiesel (PDF). ^ Hemp car: Pollution: Petrol vs Hemp. Retrieved on 2006-07-26. ^ Office of University Research and Education (November 2001). Biodiesel from Yellow Mustard Oil. U.S. Department of Transportation. ^ Wes Jackson (Fall 1999). "Clearcutting the Last Wilderness". The Land Report (65). ^ Australian Agronomy Society: Bio-diesel, farming for the future. Retrieved on 2006-02-26. ^ B.L. Axtell from research by R.M. Fairman (1992). “Noog abyssinia”, Minor oil crops. FAO. Retrieved on 2006-11-17. ^ Orchidea Rachmaniah, Yi-Hsu Ju, Shaik Ramjan Vali, Ismojowati Tjondronegoro, and Musfil A.S. (2004). "A Study on Acid-Catalyzed Transesterification of Crude Rice Bran Oil for Biodiesel Production" (PDF). World Energy Congress (19). ^ Jesus Fernandez. Safflower oil in your tank. Queen City News. ^ European Energy Crops InterNetwork: Sunflower crop feasibility for biodiesel production in Spain. Retrieved on 2006-07-26. ^ Journey to Forever: Bio-diesel Yield. Retrieved on 2006-07-26. ^ The Chemistry of Biodiesel. Retrieved on 2006-07-26. ^ There are some plants that yield a commercial vegetable oil, that are also used to make other sorts of biofuel. Eucalyptus, for example, has been explored as a means of biomass for producing ethanol. These plants are not listed here. ^ Greenfuel Technologies. Retrieved on 2006-07-31. Company developing Algae oil. ^ USA Today: Algae — like a breath mint for smokestacks. ^ James A. Duke, (1982). Handbook of Energy Crops: Copaifera langsdorfii Desf.. From the Purdue Center for New Crops Web site. ^ Good News India: Honge Oil proves to be a good biodiesel. Retrieved on 2006-07-31. ^ The Jatropha System. Retrieved on 2006-07-31. ^ James A. Duke, (1982). Handbook of Energy Crops: Simmondsia chinensis. From the Purdue Center for New Crops Web site. ^ James A. Duke, (1982). Handbook of Energy Crops: Euphorbia tirucalli. From the Purdue Center for New Crops Web site. ^ James A. Duke, (1982). Handbook of Energy Crops: Pittosporum resiniferum. From the Purdue Center for New Crops Web site. ^ a b The Encyclopedia of Painting Materials: Drying oils. Retrieved on 2006-08-02. ^ Mast & Sail in Europe. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. (Mentions the use of dammar oil in marine paints) ^ Database of Oil Yielding Plants (PDF). (Mentions uses of dammar oil) ^ Flaxseed oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. ^ Vegetable and Animal Oils and Fats. Definition and Classification of Commodities. FAO (1992). Retrieved on 2006-11-10. ^ Finishing Solid Pine. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. ^ T.M. Teynor et all (1992). “Vernonia”, Alternative Field Crops Manual. Retrieved on 2006-09-06. ^ Amur cork tree. Herbal Remedies Web site. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. Herbal Remedies sells herbal supplements and products. ^ ModelCo Colourbox Blush review. Retrieved on 2006-09-11. ^ R. Kleiman (1990). "Chemistry of new industrial oilseed crops". Advances in new crops: 196-203. Retrieved on 2006-11-19. ^ Fa-Huan Ge, Hua-Ping Lei (April 2006). "Study on the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of Brucea Javanica oil". Zhong Yao Cai 29: 383-7. ^ Burdock oil for hair loss. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. ^ Oils of Aloha. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. ^ Carrot seeds are also used to obtain an essential oil with quite different properties than carrot seed pressed oil. ^ Cold Pressed Carrot Seed Oil (Egypt). Retrieved on 2006-07-25. ^ Castor Oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. ^ B.L. Axtell from research by R.M. Fairman (1992). “Chaulmoogra”, Minor oil crops. FAO. Retrieved on 2006-11-17. ^ Harvey Wickes Felter, and John Uri Lloyd (1898). “Gynocardia—Chaulmoogra”, King's American Dispensatory. Retrieved on 2006-11-17. ^ E.S. Oplinger et al (1991). “Crambe”, Alternative Field Crops Manual. Retrieved on 2006-09-06. ^ Robert Kleiman (1990). "Chemistry of New Industrial Oilseed Crops". Advances in new crops: 196-203. Retrieved on 2006-10-09. ^ International Jojoba Export Council: Glossary. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. ^ FrontierCoop: Lemon Essential Oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-31. ^ Julia F. Morton. “Mango”, Fruits of Warm Climates. ^ Florida Chemical: Orange Oil Applications. Retrieved on 2006-07-31. Florida Chemical sells citrus oils. ^ Cook's Encyclopedia: Palm oil/palm kernel oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. ^ Aromatic: Rosehip Seed Oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. ^ Subhuti Dharmananda. Sea buckthorn. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. ^ About.com: Shea butter. Retrieved on 2006-07-26. ^ Limonnik: Viburnum oil. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. Limonnik sells health related products from natural sources. ^ Tall Oil (Liquid Rosin). Retrieved on 2006-07-25. ^ Snowdrift Farm: Fixed Oil Glossary. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. ^ Tropilab: Dipteryx Odorata - Tonka Bean. Retrieved on 2006-07-25.
End of Wikipedia content, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vegetable_oils
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