|
Strabismus Reference – Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatments
Diseases & Treatments Section @ BillDoll.com – The Billion Dollar Site
|
|
|
|
Strabismus Reference – Symptoms, Diagnoses, Treatments
See useful resources for over 200 ailments at the BillDoll Diseases & Treatments Section, or click on the letter to see all diseases starting with that letter: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z
..
..
See also comprehensive answers to the following health related questions @ Billion Dollar Questions
Strabismus-From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the protein Strabismus, see Strabismus (protein) Strabismus Classification & external resources Strabismus prevents bringing the gaze of both eyes to the same point in space ICD-10 H49. - H50. ICD-9 378 OMIM 185100 DiseasesDB 29577 MedlinePlus 001004 Strabismus is a condition in which the eyes are not properly aligned with each other.[1] It typically involves a lack of coordination between the extraocular muscles that prevents bringing the gaze of each eye to the same point in space and preventing proper binocular vision, which may adversely affect depth perception. Strabismus can be either a disorder of the brain coordinating the eyes or a disorder of one or more muscles, as in any process that causes a dysfunction of the usual direction and power of the muscle or muscles.
Contents 1 Diagnosis 1.1 Laterality 1.2 Onset 2 Treatment and management 3 Prognosis 4 Differential diagnosis: pseudostrabismus 5 Pathophysiology 6 Famous people with strabismus 7 Popular terms 8 References 9 See also 10 External links
Diagnosis During eye examinations, ophthalmologists, orthoptists, and optometrists typically use a cover test to aid in the diagnosis of strabismus. If the eye being tested is the strabismic eye, then it will fixate on the object after the "good" eye is covered, as long as the vision in this eye is good enough. If it is the "good" eye, there will be no change in fixation, as it is already fixated. Depending on the direction that the strabismic eye deviates, the type of tropia or phoria may be assessed.
A simple screening test for strabismus is the Hirschberg test. A flashlight is shone in the patient's eye. When the patient is looking at the light, a reflection can be seen on the front surface of the pupil. If the eyes are properly aligned with one another, the reflection will be in the same spot of each eye. Therefore, if strabismus is present, the reflection from the light will not be in the same spot of each eye.
Laterality Strabismus may be classified as unilateral or alternating based on whether one eye or both eyes are affected. A unilateral strabismus will consistently have the same eye 'wandering' while an alternating strabismic patient can fixate on a target object with either eye. In this case either eye may be askew while the opposite eye is focused on the target. Optometrists use the cover-uncover test to diagnose various types of tropias, which is a medical term for strabismus. [1]
Unilateral strabismus Alternating strabismus
Onset Strabismus may be classified based on time of onset.[1]
Congenital strabismus Acquired strabismus
Treatment and management As with other binocular vision disorders, the primary therapeutic goal for those with strabismus is comfortable, single, clear, normal binocular vision at all distances and directions of gaze.[2]
Whereas amblyopia, if minor and detected early, can often be corrected with use of an eyepatch on the dominant eye and/or vision therapy, the use of eyepatches is unlikely to change the angle of strabismus. Advanced strabismus is usually treated with a combination of eyeglasses or prisms, vision therapy, and surgery, depending on the underlying reason for the misalignment. Surgery attempts to align the eyes by shortening, lengthening, or changing the position of one or more of the extraocular eye muscles and is frequently the only way to achieve cosmetic improvement. Glasses affect the position by changing the person's reaction to focusing. Prisms change the way light, and therefore images, strike the eye, simulating a change in the eye position.
Early treatment of strabismus and/or amblyopia in infancy can reduce the chance of developing amblyopia and depth perception problems. Eyes that remain misaligned can still develop visual problems. Although not a cure for strabismus, prism lenses can also be used to provide some comfort for sufferers and to prevent double vision from occurring.
In adults with previously normal alignment, the onset of strabismus usually results in double vision (diplopia).
Although the mainstream medical community regards the Bates method with skepticism, [3] advocates continue to make the unsupported [4] assertion that it can reverse strabismus.[5]
Prognosis When strabismus is congenital or develops in infancy, it can cause amblyopia, in which the brain ignores input from the deviated eye. Strabismus can lead to a permanent weakening of vision in the strabismic eye called amblyopia sometimes referred to as lazy eye. The appearance of strabismus may also be a cosmetic problem. One study reported that 85% of adult strabismus patients "reported that they had problems with work, school and sports because of their strabismus." The same study also reported that 70% said strabismus "had a negative effect on their self-image."[6]
Differential diagnosis: pseudostrabismus Pseudostrabismus is the false appearance of strabismus. It generally occurs in infants and toddlers whose bridge of the nose is wide and flat, causing the appearance of strabismus. With age, the bridge of the child's nose narrows and the folds in the corner of the eyes go away. To detect the difference between pseudostrabismus and strabismus, a Hirschberg test may be used.
Pathophysiology Strabismus can be an indication that a cranial nerve has a lesion. Particularly Cranial Nerve III (Occulomotor), Cranial Nerve IV (Trochlear) or Cranial Nerve VI (Abducens). A strabismus caused by a lesion in either of these nerves results in the lack of innervation to eye muscles and results in a change of eye position. A strabismus may be a sign of incresed intracranial pressure, as CN III is particularly vulnerable to damage from brain swelling.
Famous people with strabismus Edgar Martinez, the well-known baseball player, had some of his greatest seasons despite having been diagnosed with strabismus. He used a regime of intense exercise and avoiding activities that strained his eyes. He was able to play, albeit as a designated hitter well into his forties notwithstanding the condition.[citation needed]
NBA basketball player Tracy McGrady has this condition.[citation needed]
Oscar-winning actor Forest Whitaker has this condition.[citation needed]
French existentialist philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre, suffered from strabismus.[citation needed]
Swiss mathematician and physicist Leonhard Euler very possibly suffered from strabismus.[citation needed]
French-canadien designer Mathieu Blache suffered from strabismus.[citation needed]
Professional wrestler Robert Gibson has a wandering eye.
Popular terms Strabismus is often incorrectly referred to as "lazy eye" (which in fact refers to the associated condition Amblyopia). It is also known as heterotropia, squint, "one eye in York and the other in Cork," "crossed eye," "cockeye," "wandering eye," "weak eye," "wall eye."
In French it is known as "coq l'oeil."[citation needed]
References ^ a b c American Optometric Association. Optometric Clinical Practice Guideline: Care of the patient with strabismus: esotropia and exotropia. 1997. ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8247489&dopt=Abstract ^ Robyn E. Bradley. "ADVOCATES SEE ONLY BENEFITS FROM EYE EXERCISES", The Boston Globe (MA), September 23, 2003. ^ Rawstron JA, Burley CD, Elder MJ (2005). "A systematic review of the applicability and efficacy of eye exercises.". J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 42 (2): 82-8. ^ http://www.iblindness.org/ ^ http://www.med.wayne.edu/Scribe/scribe00-01/scribesp01/baker-strabismus.htm
See also Duane syndrome Mobius syndrome Orthoptics Pediatric ophthalmology Sixth (abducent) nerve palsy Strabismus surgery Michael Morris, a fictional character with a Lazy Eye Vincent Margera, featured in Viva La Bam, has pronounced strabismus ..
..
Info & Disclaimer: The Diseases category of the BillDoll Health Reference provides reference and resources for specific diseases and illnesses in the context of symptoms, diagnosis, treatments, and cures. It also provides inputs on doctors, hospitals and medicines, drugs in some cases. Please note that all these inputs are provided for information purposes only. You are advised to get qualified medical opinion before embarking / acting on any treatment, cure, doctor, medicine, drug or hospital.
Main Sections @ The Billion Dollar Site
Credits & Copyright: This page is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article Strabismus Reference
GeoDig – Get Local!
Have you checked out the GeoDig directories for over 30 countries? GeoDig provides useful local and regional web resources for over 200 cities around the world. See the list of cities and countries for which GeoDig provides locality-specific web resources.
North America USA - Alabama (AL) > Birmingham; Alaska; Arkansas (AR) > Little Rock; Arizona (AZ) > Phoenix, Las Vegas, Tucson; California (CA) > Los Angeles, San Francisco, Sacramento, Fresno, Bakersfield; Colorado, CO > Denver; Connecticut, CT > Hartford; District of Columbia, DC > Washington DC; Delaware (DE) > Wilmington; Florida > Miami, Orlando, Tampa, Orlando, Sarasota, West Palm Beach, Jacksonville; Georgia > Atlanta; Hawaii > Honolulu; Idaho; Illinois > Chicago; Indiana > Indianapolis; Iowa; Kansas (KS); Kentucky (KY) > Louisville; Louisiana (LA) > New Orleans, Baton Rouge; Maine; Maryland (MD) > Baltimore; Massachusetts > Boston, Springfield; Michigan > Detroit, Grand Rapids; Minnesota > Minneapolis-St. Paul; Mississippi (MS); Missouri (MO) > Kansas City, St. Louis; Montana; Nebraska (NE) > Omaha; Nevada (NV) > Las Vegas; New Hampshire; New Jersey (NJ) > Jersey City, Newark; New Mexico (NM) > Albuquerque; New York > New York, Buffalo, Rochester, Albany, Syracuse; North Carolina (NC) > Raleigh-Durham, Charlotte, Greensboro; North Dakota; Ohio> Columbus, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Toledo, Youngstown, Dayton; Oklahoma (OK) > Oklahoma City, Tulsa; Oregon > Portland; Pennsylvania > Philadelphia, Allentown, Pittsburgh, Harrisburg, Scranton, ; Rhode Island (RI) > Providence; South Carolina (SC) > Greenville; South Dakota; Tennessee (TN) > Knoxville, Memphis, Nashville; Texas > Austin, Dallas, Houston, San Antonio, El Paso, Austin, McAllen; Utah (UT) > Salt Lake City; Vermont; Virginia (VA) > Norfolk, Richmond; Washington > Seattle; West Virginia; Wisconsin (WI) > Milwaukee; Wyoming Canada - Vancouver, Montreal, Toronto, Calgary, Ottawa-Gatineau, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg, Hamilton, London
You are the Strabismus page @ the Health Section of BillDoll Reference
Europe - UK - London, Glasgow, Manchester, Birmingham, Liverpool, Sheffield, Leeds, Bristol, Edinburgh, Leicester; France - Paris, Marseille, Lyon, Toulouse, Nice, Nantes, Strasbourg, Montpellier, Bordeaux; Germany - Frankfurt (Frankfurt am Main), Munich (München), Berlin, Düsseldorf, Hamburg, Cologne (Köln), Essen, Dortmund, Stuttgart, Bremen, Duisburg, Hannover, Nürnberg (Nuremberg), Dresden, Leipzig; Italy - Milan (Milano), Rome (Roma), Napoli (Naples), Torino (Turin), Palermo, Bologna, Firenze (Florence), Genova (Genoa); Spain - Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Sevilla, Zaragoza, Malaga, Murcia, Las Palmas, Bilbao; Scandinavia - Finland - Helsinki (Helsingin), Espoo, Tampere (Tampereen), Vantaa, Turku, Oulu, Sweden - Stockholm, Goteborg (Göteborg), Malmo (Malmö), Uppsala, Vasteras (Västerås), Denmark - Copenhagen (Københavns), Aarhus (Århus), Odense, Aalborg (Ålborg), Norway - Oslo, Bergen, Stavanger, Trondheim; Benelux - Belgium - Brussels (Brussel), Antwerp (Antwerpen), Ghent (Gent, Gand), Charleroi, Liège (Liege), Netherlands - Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Utrecht, Eindhoven, Tilburg, ‘s-Gravenhage (sGravenhage), Groningen, Luxembourg - Luxembourg City; Portugal – Lisbon; Greece – Athens; Hungary – Budapest; Poland – Warsaw; Switzerland - Zürich (Zurich), Geneva (Geneve, Genève), Basel, Bern (Berne), Lausanne; Austria - Linz, Vienna (Wien), Graz, Linz, Salzburg, Innsbruck; Ireland – Dublin
Asia - India - Mumbai, New Delhi, Bangalore; China & Hong Kong - Hong Kong, Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Wuhan, Shenyang, Guangzhou, Harbin, Xian; Japan - Tokyo, Osaka, Yokohama, Nagoya, Sapporo, Kyoto, Kobe, Fukuoka, Kawasaki, Hiroshima; South Korea - Seoul, Pusa, Taegu, Incheon, Taejeon, Taiwan - Taipei; Malaysia - Kuala Lumpur; Singapore; Russia - Moscow, St Petersburg
You are the Strabismus page @ the Health Section of BillDoll Reference
Middle East - Turkey - Istanbul, Israel - Tel Aviv
Oceania - Australia - Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, Adelaide
Africa - South Africa - Johannesburg, Cape Town, Durban
|