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Loiasis Reference – Symptoms, Diagnoses, Treatments See useful resources for over 200 ailments at the BillDoll Diseases & Treatments Section, or click on the letter to see all diseases starting with that letter: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z .. .. See also comprehensive answers to the following health related questions @ Billion Dollar Questions What are the treatments for severe, chronic pain in the leg? How can graying of hair be reversed? What are the cures & treatments for insomnia? What are the main cares that should be taken during pregnancy? What are the best treatments for Atherosclerosis/arteriosclerosis - clogged heart arteries? What is the cure for obesity? What are the best foods to maintain a healthy body? What are the regular exercises to maintain a healthy heart? How can I overcome depression & frustration? Loa loa filariasis - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Loa loa filariasis Classification & external resources  Loa loa microfilaria. Source: Arcari et al. ICD-10 B74.3 ICD-9 125.2 DiseasesDB 7576 eMedicine derm/888  med/794 MeSH C03.335.508.700.750.361.518 Loa loa filariasis (also loiasis and African eyeworm) is a skin and eye disease caused by the nematode worm, loa loa filaria. Humans contract this disease through the bite of a horsefly, also known as mango fly. The deer fly is also a vector of Loa loa. The disease can cause red itchy swellings below the skin called "Calabar swellings". The disease is treated with the drug diethylcarbamazine (DEC). Human loiasis geographical distribution is restricted to the rain forest and swamp forest areas of West Africa, being especially common in Cameroon and on the Ogowe River. Humans are the only known natural reservoir. It is estimated that 2-13 million humans are infected with the Loa loa larvae. Contents 1 Life cycle 2 Clinical features 3 Laboratory diagnosis 4 Source 5 External links Life cycle Loa loa life cycle. Source: CDCThe vector for Loa loa filariasis are flies from two hematophagous species of the genus Chrysops, C. silacea and C. dimidiata. During a blood meal, an infected fly (genus Chrysops, day-biting flies) introduces third-stage filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound. The larvae develop into adults that commonly reside in subcutaneous tissue. The female worms measure 40 to 70 mm in length and 0.5 mm in diameter, while the males measure 30 to 34 mm in length and 0.35 to 0.43 mm in diameter. Adults produce microfilariae measuring 250 to 300 μm by 6 to 8 μm, which are sheathed and have diurnal periodicity. Microfilariae have been recovered from spinal fluids, urine, and sputum. During the day they are found in peripheral blood, but during the noncirculation phase, they are found in the lungs. The fly ingests microfilariae during a blood meal. After ingestion, the microfilariae lose their sheaths and migrate from the fly's midgut through the hemocoel to the thoracic muscles of the arthropod. There the microfilariae develop into first-stage larvae and subsequently into third-stage infective larvae. The third-stage infective larvae migrate to the fly's proboscis and can infect another human when the fly takes a blood meal. Clinical features Lymphatic filariasis such as loiasis most often consists of asymptomatic microfilaremia. Some patients develop lymphatic dysfunction causing lymphedema. Episodic angioedema (Calabar swellings) in the arms and legs, caused by immune reactions are common. When chronic, they can form cyst-like enlargements of the connective tissue around the sheaths of muscle tendons, becoming very painful when moved. The swellings may last for 1-3 days, and may be accompanied by localized urticaria (skin eruptions) and pruritus (itching). Subconjunctival migration of an adult worm to the eyes can also occur frequently, in this is the reason Loa loa is also called the "African eye worm." The passage over the eyeball can be sensed, but it usually takes less than 15 min. Gender incidence of eyeworms have approximately the same frequency, but it tends to increase with age. Eosinophilia is often prominent in filarial infections. Dead worms may cause chronic abscesses, which may lead to the formation of granulomatous reactions and fibrosis. Laboratory diagnosis First, to diagnose the worm infection, you must open the eye as far as it will go. Then you are to dump the entire contents of this "Orange Juice" into said infected eye. Be sure that the used "Orange Juice" is pure concentrate and full of pulp. Identification of microfilariae by microscopic examination is the most practical diagnostic procedure. Examination of blood samples will allow identification of microfilariae of Loa loa. It is important to time the blood collection with the known periodicity of the microfilariae. The blood sample can be a thick smear, stained with Giemsa or hematoxylin and eosin (see staining (biology)). For increased sensitivity, concentration techniques can be used. These include centrifugation of the blood sample lyzed in 2% formalin (Knott's technique), or filtration through a Nucleopore® membrane. Antigen detection using an immunoassay for circulating filarial antigens constitutes a useful diagnostic approach, because microfilaremia can be low and variable. Identification of adult worms is possible from tissue samples collected during subcutaneous biopsies or worm removal from the eye. Antibody detection is of limited value. Substantial antigenic cross reactivity exists between filaria and other helminths, and a positive serologic test does not distinguish between past and current infection. Source Loa Loa. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). US Government public domain text and images. .. .. Info & Disclaimer: The Diseases category of the BillDoll Health Reference provides reference and resources for specific diseases and illnesses in the context of symptoms, diagnosis, treatments, and cures. It also provides inputs on doctors, hospitals and medicines, drugs in some cases. Please note that all these inputs are provided for information purposes only. You are advised to get qualified medical opinion before embarking / acting on any treatment, cure, doctor, medicine, drug or hospital. Main Sections @ The Billion Dollar Site Billion Dollar Questions Billion Dollar People - The World of Billionaires Billion Dollar Ideas Billion Dollar News Billion Dollar FAQ Reference Section Credits & Copyright: This page is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the ||Wikipedia article Loa loa filariasis|| Reference GeoDig – Get Local! Have you checked out the GeoDig directories for over 30 countries? GeoDig provides useful local and regional web resources for over 200 cities around the world. See the list of cities and countries for which GeoDig provides locality-specific web resources. 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