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Kwashiorkor Reference – Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatments
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Kwashiorkor Reference – Symptoms, Diagnoses, Treatments
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Kwashiorkor-From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Kwashiorkor Classification & external resources Kwashiorkor sufferers show signs of thinning hair, edema, inadequate growth, and weight loss. The stomatitis on the pictured infant indicates an accompanying Vitamin B deficiency. ICD-10 E40., E42. ICD-9 260 DiseasesDB 7211 MeSH D007732
Many of the children in this photograph from a Nigerian orphanage in the late 1960's show symptoms of malnutrition, with four in particular illustrating the gray-blond hair symptomatic of kwashiorkor.Kwashiorkor is a type of childhood malnutrition with controversial causes, but it is commonly believed to be caused by insufficient protein intake. British pediatrician Cicely D. Williams introduced the name into international scientific circles in her 1935 Lancet article[1]. When a child is nursing, it receives certain amino acids vital to growth from its mother's milk. When the child is weaned, if the diet that replaces the milk is high in starches and carbohydrates, and deficient in protein (as is common in parts of the world where the bulk of the diet consists of starchy vegetables, or where famine has struck), the child may develop kwashiorkor.
Contents 1 Derivation of kwashiorkor 2 Symptoms of kwashiorkor 3 Possible causes of kwashiorkor 4 References
Derivation of kwashiorkor The name is derived from one of the Kwa languages of coastal Ghana and means "the one who is displaced" reflecting the development of the condition in the older child who has been weaned from the breast once a new sibling is born.
Symptoms of kwashiorkor Symptoms of kwashiorkor include a swollen abdomen known as a pot belly, as well as reddish discoloration of the hair and depigmented skin. The swollen abdomen is generally attributed to two causes: First, the observation of ascites due to increased capillary permeability from the increased production of cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTC4 and LTE4) as a result of generalized intracellular deficiency of glutathione. It is also thought to be attributed to the effect of malnutrition on reducing plasma proteins (discussed below), resulting in a reduced oncotic pressure and therefore increased osmotic flux through the capillary wall. A second cause may be due to a grossly enlarged liver due to fatty liver. This fatty change occurs because of the lack of apolipoproteins which transport lipids from the liver to tissues throughout the body. Additionally, the child has an apparently-miserable appearance with a "bull-dog" face. Victims of kwashiorkor fail to produce antibodies following vaccination against diseases including diphtheria and typhoid.[1] Generally, the disease can be treated by adding food energy and protein to the diet; however, mortality can be as high as 60% and it can have a long-term impact on a child's physical growth and, in severe cases, affect mental development.
Possible causes of kwashiorkor There are various explanations for the development of kwashiorkor, and the topic remains controversial[2]. It is now accepted that protein deficiency, in combination with energy and micronutrient deficiency, is certainly important but may not be the key factor. The condition is likely to be due to deficiency of one of several type one nutrients (e.g. iron, folic acid, iodine, selenium, vitamin C), particularly those involved with anti-oxidant protection. Important anti-oxidants in the body that are reduced in children with kwashiorkor include glutathione, albumin, vitamin E and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Therefore, if a child with reduced type one nutrients or anti-oxidants is exposed to stress (e.g. an infection or toxin) he/she is more liable to develop kwashiorkor.
Ignorance about nutrition can be a cause. Dr. Latham, director of the Program in International Nutrition at Cornell University cited a case of a child suffering from Kwashiorkor where the parents thought cassava a satisfactory food though Dr. Latham believes it has insufficient protein.
Other malnutrition syndromes include marasmus and cachexia, although the latter is often caused by an underlying illness.
References ^ Williams CD. (1935) Kwashiorkor: a nutritional disease of children associated with a maize diet. Lancet 229:1151-2. ^ Krawinkel M. (2003) Kwashiorkor is still not fully understood. Bull World Health Organ, vol.81, no.12, p.910-911. Malnutrition in Third World Countries ..
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