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Foreign Direct Investment Reference – The Billion Dollar Site
Reference Section @ BillDoll.com – The Billion Dollar Site
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Foreign Direct Investment Reference ..
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Main Sections @ The Billion Dollar Site
Related Sections @ BillDoll Reference
FDI – Foreign Direct Investment, Hedge Funds, List of World’s Billionaires, Microfinance, Micropayment, Credit Card Frauds
Content derived from Wikipedia article on FDI
Foreign direct investment - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Foreign direct investment (FDI) is defined as a long term investment by a foreign direct investor in an enterprise resident in an economy other than that in which the foreign direct investor is based. The FDI relationship, consists of a parent enterprise and a foreign affiliate which together form a transnational corporation (TNC). In order to qualify as FDI the investment must afford the parent enterprise control over its foreign affiliate. The UN defines control in this case as owning 10% or more of the ordinary shares or voting power of an incorporated firm or its equivalent for an unincorporated firm.
Contents
1 History 2 Types of FDI 2.1 Types of FDI based on the motives of the investing firm 3 References 4 See also
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History
In the years after the Second World War global FDI was dominated by the United States, as much of the world recovered from the destruction wrought by the conflict. The U.S. accounted for around three-quarters of new FDI (including reinvested profits) between 1945 and 1960. Since that time FDI has spread to become a truly global phenomenon, no longer the exclusive preserve of OECD countries. FDI has grown in importance in the global economy with FDI stocks now constituting over 20% of global GDP. In the last few years, the emerging market countries such as China and India have become the most favoured destinations for FDI and investor confidence in these countries has soared. As per the FDI Confidence Index compiled by A.T. Kearney for 2005, China and India hold the first and second position respectively, whereas United States has slipped to the third position.
Types of FDI
Greenfield investment: direct investment in new facilities or the expansion of existing facilities. Greenfield investments are the primary target of a host nation’s promotional efforts because they create new production capacity and jobs, transfer technology and know-how, and can lead to linkages to the global marketplace. However, it often does this by crowding out local industry; multinationals are able to produce goods more cheaply (because of advanced technology and efficient processes) and uses up resources (labor, intermediate goods, etc). Another downside of greenfield investment is that profits from production do not feed back into the local economy, but instead to the multinational's home economy. This is in contrast to local industries whose profits flow back into the domestic economy to promote growth. Mergers and Acquisitions: occur when a transfer of existing assets from local firms to foreign firms takes place, this is the primary type of FDI. Cross-border mergers occur when the assets and operation of firms from different countries are combined to establish a new legal entity. Cross-border acquisitions occur when the control of assets and operations is transferred from a local to a foreign company, with the local company becoming an affiliate of the foreign company. Unlike greenfield investment, acquisitions provide no long term benefits to the local economy-- even in most deals the owners of the local firm are paid in stock from the acquiring firm, meaning that the money from the sale could never reach the local economy. Nevertheless, mergers and acquisitions are a significant form of FDI and until around 1997, accounted for nearly 90% of the FDI flow into the United States.
Horizontal Foreign Direct Investment: is investment in the same industry abroad as a firm operates in at home.
Vertical Foreign Direct Investment: Takes two forms: 1) backward vertical FDI: where an industry abroad provides inputs for a firm's domestic production process 2) forward vertical FDI: in which an industry abroad sells the outputs of a firm's domestic production
Types of FDI based on the motives of the investing firm FDI can also be categorized based on the motive behind the investment from the perspective of the investing firm:
Resource Seeking: Investments which seek to acquire factors of production that are more efficient than those obtainable in the home economy of the firm. In some cases, these resources may not be available in the home economy at all (e.g. cheap labor and natural resources). This typifies FDI into developing countries, for example seeking natural resources in the Middle East and Africa, or cheap labor in Southeast Asia and Eastern Europe.
Market Seeking: Investments which aim at either penetrating new markets or maintaining existing ones. FDI of this kind may also be employed as defensive strategy; it is argued that businesses are more likely to be pushed towards this type of investment out of fear of losing a market rather than discovering a new one. This type of FDI can be characterized by the foreign Mergers and Acquisitions in the 1980’s by Accounting, Advertising and Law firms.
Efficiency Seeking: Investments which firms hope will increase their efficiency by exploiting the benefits of economies of scale and scope, and also those of common ownership. It is suggested that this type of FDI comes after either resource or market seeking investments have been realized, with the expectation that it further increases the profitability of the firm. Typically, this type of FDI is mostly widely practiced between developed economies; especially those within closely integrated markets (e.g. the EU).
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References
^ Knickerbocker identified this phenomenon in his ‘follow-my-leader’ hypothesis in: Knickerbocker, F. T. (1973). Oligopolistic reaction and multinational enterprise. Boston(Mass.), Division of Research Graduate School of Business Administration Harvard University. ^ a b c Dunning, J. H. (1993). Multinational enterprises and the global economy. Wokingham, England ; Reading, Mass, Addison-Wesley ^ Dunning, J. H., B. Kogut and M. Blomstrom (1990). Globalization of firms and the competitiveness of nations. Lund, Institute of Economic Research Lund University ; Bromley : Chartwell-Bratt c1990 IMF (1993) Balance of Payments Manual, Fifth edition, Washington D.C. OECD (1996) Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment, Third edition, Paris. IMF (2003) Foreign Direct Investment Statistics - How Countries Measure FDI 2001, 2003, Washington D.C. Hill (2005), "International Business: Competing in the global marketplace", 5th Edn., McGraw-Hill, p.223, 229 Bishop Matthew, Essential Economics
See also
International investment position Bilateral Investment Treaty Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency International Services Trade Information Agency
External links The Investment Promotion Network (IPAnet), a portal site providing access to information and analysis for companies seeking to invest in developing countries (Operated by the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency of the World Bank Group) OECD work on international investment World Investment Report (UNCTAD) FDI: A lead driver for Sustainable Development? (Earth Summit 2002) World Bank archived online discussion: "Do Changing FDI Trends Require Governments to Adopt New Promotion Strategies?" The International Services Trade Information Agency (ISTIA) (Geneva, Switzerland) provides FDI statistical capacity building services to developing country governments, as a part of greater services trade-related statistics work. UNCTAD World Investment Report Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment
End of Wikipedia content, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment
Content derived from Wikipedia article on Balance of Payments
Balance of payments - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The balance of payments (or BOP) measures the payments that flow between any individual country and all other countries. It is used to summarize all international economic transactions for that country during a specific time period, usually a year.
The BOP is determined by the country's exports and imports of goods, services, and financial capital, as well as financial transfers. It reflects all payments and liabilities to foreigners (debits) and all payments and obligations received from foreigners (credits).
Contents
1 Components 2 Balance of Payments Identity 3 History 4 United States Balance of Payments since 1960 5 See also 6 References
Components
Blue = countries in current account surplus; Red = countries in current account deficit, 2005The Balance of Payments for a country is the sum of the Current Account, the Capital Account, the Financial Account, and the change in Official Reserves.
[Note: The "capital account" as is more properly now known as the financial account was renamed in the U.S. in 1999.][1]
Current account
The current account is the sum of net sales from trade in goods and services, net factor income (such as interest payments from abroad), and net unilateral transfers from abroad. Positive net sales from abroad corresponds to a current account surplus; negative net sales from abroad corresponds to a current account deficit. Because exports generate positive net sales, and because the trade balance is typically the largest component of the current account, a current account surplus is usually associated with positive net exports.
The Income Account or Net Factor Income, a subaccount of the Current Account, is usually presented under the headings "Income Payments", as outflows, and "Income Receipts", as inflows. If the Income Account is negative, the country is paying more than it is taking in interest, dividends, etc. For example, the United States' net income has been declining exponentially since it allowed the Dollar's price relative to other currencies be determined by the market to a point where income payments and receipts are roughly equal. The various subcategories in the Income Account are linked to specific respective subcategories in the Financial Account. From here, economists and central banks determine implied rates of return on the different types of capital exchanged in the Financial Account. The United States, for example, gleans a substantially larger rate of return from foreign capital than foreigners from domestic capital.
When analyzing the current account theoretically, it is often written as a function X of the real exchange rate, p, domestic GDP, Y, and foreign GDP, Y*. Thus the current account can be written as X(p, Y, Y*). According to theory, the current account X should increase if (1) the domestic currency depreciates (p increases), (2) domestic GDP decreases, or (3) foreign GDP increases. A domestic currency depreciation makes domestic goods relatively cheaper, boosting exports relative to imports. A decrease in domestic GDP reduces domestic demand for foreign goods, lowering imports without affecting exports. An increase in foreign GDP increases foreign demand for domestic goods, increasing exports without affecting imports.
Current account =
Trade Balance Net Exports (Exports - Imports) of Merchandise (tangible goods) Net Exports (Exports - Imports) Services (such as legal and consulting services) + Net Factor Income From Abroad (such as interest and dividends) + Net Unilateral Transfers From Abroad (such as foreign aid, grants, gifts, etc.) Capital Account
The capital account used to entitle the section now familiarly known as the financial account. This section usually includes special debt transactions between nations and migrants' goods as they cross a country's borders.
Official Reserves
The official reserve account records the government's current stock of reserves. Reserves include official gold reserves, foreign exchange reserves, and IMF Special Drawing Rights (SDRs). Reserve accounts typically are dominated by monetary authority intervention in the official currency's exchange rate.
Countries who try to control the price of their currency will have large net changes in their Official Reserve Accounts. Some of the most extreme examples include China and Japan. Japan in particular recently had a change in its reserves approximately one half of the entire net reported Balance of Payments. In 2003 and 2004, Japan had an outflow of reserves, yen, by more than equivalently one third of one trillion US Dollars.
In general, net increases in the Official Reserve Account will indicate that a country is buying its currency to try to keep the price dear from the perspective of whatever resource is being sold to acquire the currency. Countries with net decreases in the Official Reserve Account are usually attempting to keep the price of their currency cheap relative to whatever resource they are purchasing in exchange for the currency.
Some countries are much more difficult to detect in this regard. The United Kingdom is a good example. Its net changes in the Official Reserve Account are small, but this is because the monetary authorities of the UK borrow from one source, principally the IMF and its' SDR reserve, to buy back pounds in the form of bonds and money market accounts. This interesting example can be found in Section 7.9 in the Pink Book.
Financial account
The financial account is the net change in foreign ownership of domestic assets. If foreign ownership of domestic assets has increased more quickly than domestic ownership of foreign assets in a given year, then the domestic country has a financial account surplus. On the other hand, if domestic ownership of foreign assets has increased more quickly than foreign ownership of domestic assets, then the domestic country has a financial account deficit
The accounting entries in the financial account record the purchase and sale of domestic and foreign assets. These assets are divided into categories such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Portfolio Investment (which includes trade in stocks and bonds), and Other Investment (which includes transactions in currency and bank deposits).
Financial account =
Increase in foreign ownership of domestic assets - Increase of domestic ownership of foreign assets
Balance of Payments Identity
The Balance of Payments is the sum of the Current Account and the Capital Account. The Balance of Payments Identity states that:
Current Account + Capital Account = Change in Official Reserve Account Typically, in the United States, the change in official reserves in a given year is small relative to the Current Account and the Capital Account. Therefore it is sometimes approximated as zero. For example, if a government runs a current account deficit and has no change in official reserves, then the current account deficit must be balanced by a capital account surplus. The basic principle behind the identity is that a country can only consume more than it produces (a current account deficit) if it borrows from abroad (a capital account surplus). The United States has been carrying a negative current account balance for many years, and this debt has been primarily financed by issuing securities. This interpretation of the data, however, is disputed by Milton Friedman (Balance of Trade) claiming that cheaper, riskier, foreign capital is exchanged for "riskless", expensive, US capital and that the difference is made up with extra goods and services. Nevertheless, Friedman's interpretation is incomplete with respect to countries that interfere with the market prices of their currencies through the changes in their reserves.
A country will have a negative balance of payments (a net decrease in official reserves) if the net of the current account and the capital account is a deficit. Similarly, there will be a positive balance of payments (a net increase in official reserves) if the net of the current and the capital account results in a surplus.
History
Historically these flows simply were not carefully measured, and the flow proceeded in many commodities and currencies without restriction, clearing being a matter of judgement by individual banks and the governments that licensed them to operate. Mercantilism was a theory that took special notice of the balance in payments and sought simply to monopolize gold, in part to keep it out of the hands of potential military opponents (a large "war chest" being a prerequisite to start a war, whereupon much trade would be embargoed).
As mercantilism gave way to classical economics, these crude systems were later regulated in the 19th century by the gold standard which linked central banks by a convention to redeem "hard currency" in gold. After World War II this system was replaced by the Bretton Woods institutions (the International Monetary Fund and Bank for International Settlements) which pegged currency of participating nations to the US dollar, which was redeemable nominally in gold. In the 1970s this redemption ceased, leaving the system without a formal base. Some consider the system today to be based on oil, a universally desirable commodity due to the dependence of so much infrastructural capital on oil supply. Since OPEC prices oil in US dollars, the US dollar remains a reserve currency, but is increasingly challenged by the euro, and to some degree the Japanese yen.
United States Balance of Payments since 1960
Balance of payments (millions of dollars) During year 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2003 Current account Exports of goods and services and income receipts (+) 30,556 68,387 344,440 706,975 1,421,429 1,302,876 Imports of goods and services and income payments (−) −23,670 −59,901 −333,774 −759,290 −1,779,188 −1,778,117 Unilateral current transfers, net −4,062 −6,156 −8,349 −26,654 −55,684 −67,439 Current account balance -415,150 Financial account Capital account transactions, net ... ... ... −6,579 -1,010 −3,079 U.S.-owned assets abroad, net (increase/financial outflow (−)) −4,099 −8,470 −85,815 −81,234 -560,523 −283,414 Foreign-owned assets in the United States, net (increase/financial inflow (+)) 2,294 6,359 62,612 141,571 1,046,896 829,173 Statistical discrepancy -70,213 Financial account balance 415,150 Net 0 0 0 0 0 0
See also
Current account Capital account Balance of trade List of countries and territories by current account balance International investment position Money supply United States public debt
References
^ Upcoming Changes in the Classification of Current and Capital Transactions in the U.S. International Accounts from BEA
Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_payments
End of Wikipedia content, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_payments
Content derived from Wikipedia article on Bilateral Investment Treaty
Bilateral Investment Treaty - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) is an agreement establishing the terms and conditions for private investment by nationals and companies of one state in the state of the other. This type of investment is called Foreign direct investment (FDI). BITs are established through trade pacts.
Most BITs grant investments made by an investor of one Contracting State in the territory of the other a number of guarantees, which typically include fair and equitable treatment, protection from expropriation, free transfer of means and full protection and security. The distinctive feature of many BITs is that they allow for an alternative dispute resolution mechanism, whereby an investor whose rights under the BIT have been violated could have recourse to international arbitration, often under the auspices of the International Center for the Resolution of Investment Disputes (ICSID), rather than suing the host State in its own courts.
BITs involving the U.S. Up to date as of April 25, 2005
In force
Albania: signed January 11, 1995, entered into force January 4, 1998 Argentina: signed November 14, 1991, entered into force October 20, 1994 Armenia: signed September 23, 1992, entered into force March 29, 1996 Azerbaijan: signed August 1, 1997, entered into force August 2, 2001 Bahrain: signed September 29, 1999, entered into force May 30, 2001 Bangladesh: signed March 12, 1986, entered into force July 25, 1989 Bolivia: signed April 17, 1998, entered into force June 6, 2001 Bulgaria: signed September 23, 1992, entered into force June 2, 1994 Cameroon: signed February 26, 1986, entered into force April 6, 1989 Democratic Republic of the Congo (Kinshasa): signed August 3, 1984, entered into force July 28, 1989 Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville): signed February 12, 1990, entered into force August 13, 1994 Croatia: signed July 13, 1996, entered into force June 20, 2001 Czech Republic: signed October 22, 1991, entered into force December 19, 1992 Ecuador: signed August 27, 1993, entered into force May 11, 1997 Egypt: signed March 11, 1986, entered into force June 27, 1992 Estonia: signed April 19, 1994, entered into force February 16, 1997 Georgia: signed March 7, 1994, entered into force August 17, 1997 Grenada: signed May 2, 1986, entered into force March 3, 1989 Honduras: signed July 1, 1995, entered into force July 11, 2001 Jamaica: signed February 4, 1994, entered into force March 7, 1997 Jordan: signed July 2, 1997, entered into force June 12, 2003 Kazakhstan: signed May 19, 1992, entered into force January 12, 1994 Kyrgyzstan: signed January 19, 1993, entered into force January 12, 1994 Latvia: signed January 13, 1995, entered into force December 26, 1996 Lithuania: signed January 14, 1998, entered into force November 22, 2001 Moldova: signed April 21, 1993, entered into force November 25, 1994 Mongolia: signed October 6, 1994, entered into force January 1, 1997 Morocco: signed July 22, 1985, entered into force May 29, 1991 Mozambique: signed December 1, 1998, entered into force March 3, 2005 Panama: signed October 27, 1982, entered into force May 30, 1991. Amendment: signed June 1, 2000, entered into force May 14, 2001 Poland: signed March 21, 1990, entered into force August 6, 1994 Romania: signed May 28, 1992, entered into force January 15, 1994 Senegal: signed December 6, 1983, entered into force October 25, 1990 Slovakia: signed October 22, 1991, entered into force December 19, 1992 Sri Lanka: signed September 20, 1991, entered into force May 1, 1993 Trinidad and Tobago: signed September 26, 1994, entered into force December 26, 1996 Tunisia: signed May 15, 1990, entered into force February 7, 1993 Turkey: signed December 3, 1985, entered into force May 18, 1990 Ukraine: signed March 4, 1994, entered into force November 16, 1996 Not yet ratified
Belarus: signed January 15, 1994, not yet ratified El Salvador: signed March 10, 1999, not yet ratified Haiti: signed December 13, 1983, not yet ratified by Haiti or the U.S. Nicaragua: signed July 1, 1995, not yet ratified by the U.S. Russia: signed June 17, 1992, not yet ratified by Russia Uruguay: signed November 4, 2005, not yet ratified by the U.S. Uzbekistan: signed December 16, 1994, not yet ratified Pakistan: negotiations announced September 28, 2004, began February 7, 2005 Note: NAFTA covers U.S. investment in Canada and Mexico.
End of Wikipedia content, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateral_Investment_Treaty
Content derived from Wikipedia article on Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) is a member of the World Bank group. It was established to promote foreign direct investment into developing countries. MIGA was founded in 1988 with a capital base of $1 billion and is headquartered in Washington, D.C.
MIGA promotes foreign direct investment into developing countries by insuring investors against political risk, advising governments on attracting investment, sharing information through on-line investment information services, and mediating disputes between investors and governments. MIGA also requires host country government approval for every project. MIGA tries to work with host governments - resolving claims before they are filed.
Guarantees
MIGA provides guarantees against noncommercial risks to protect cross-border investment in developing member countries. Guarantees protect investors against the risks of Transfer Restriction, Expropriation, War and Civil Disturbance, and Breach of Contract (for contracts between the investor/project enterprise and the authorities of the host country). These coverages may be purchased individually or in combination.
MIGA can cover only new investments. These include:
new, greenfield investments; new investment contributions associated with the expansion, modernization, or financial restructuring of existing projects; and acquisitions involving privatization of state enterprises. Unlike other insurers, MIGA is backed by the World Bank Group and its member countries.
See also
World Bank International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) Multilateral aid
End of Wikipedia content, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilateral_Investment_Guarantee_Agency
Content derived from Wikipedia article on International Services Trade Information Agency
International Services Trade Information Agency - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The International Services Trade Information Agency (ISTIA) is a non-profit international agency in Geneva, Switzerland. The ISTIA mandate is to provide capacity building to developing countries, least developed countries and economies in transition to collect, analyze and interpret trade in services information, including information relevant to foreign direct investment (FDI) and Foreign Affiliate Trade Statistics (FATS) in a manner which empowers them to participate more actively in trade in services negotiations, most notably in the context of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) of the World Trade Organization (WTO).
This picture is the ISTIA logoISTIA was founded as a response to many official and informal requests on the part of developing country WTO Members for trade in services statistics-related technical assistance and capacity building in order that they might have better access to statistics for trade in services negotiations under GATS. Discussions on improvements of statistics for trade in services date back to the 1980s, during the time of the Uruguay Round under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) talks of the Interim Commission for the International Trade Organization (ICITO), the functional predecessor to the WTO.
The two principal objectives of ISTIA capacity building for developing country and LDC governments are as follows. Firstly, ISTIA seeks to provide training to trade negotiators and policymakers on the fundamentals of globalization statistics, that could provide them with a deeper understanding of their work. These comprise trade in services statistics, which could provide insight into the services trade under the GATS Four Modes of Supply. As well, FDI statistics and Foreign Affiliate Trade Statistics, or "FATS" are important economic indicators in this realm. FATS are corporate financial statistics, aggregated at the national level, describing the operations of FDI-based enterprises, being multinational corporations or transnational corporations; some examples of FATS include statistics on levels of employment, value-added, capital expenditures, inter- and intra- firm trade, as they relate to the economies where FDI-enterprises are based.
The second objective of ISTIA is to help national governments to improve the substance of trade in services statistics and FDI statistics by providing training on data collection methodologies which are conformant to International Monetary Fund (IMF) statistical standards, and recommendations of the United Nations Manual on Statistics on International Trade in Services (MSITS), created as a joint intergovernmental effort chaired by the OECD-Eurostat Inter-Agency Task Force on Statistics on International trade in Services. ISTIA technical assistance will help the over 120 developing countries which require this form of assistance, to meet IMF and other criteria, while providing governments with information which is more useful for negotiations and policymaking, and which private sector enterprises in developing countries and LDCs can use to make evidence-based decisions.
ISTIA also works with private sector enterprises and industrial consortia as well as with academic institutions around the world to forward a wider knowledge of the new field of globalization statistics.
Contents
1 Definitions 2 WTO Documents and Studies 3 Related Articles and Books 4 Official Studies and Reports 5 Official Statistical Manuals 6 Services Trade Statistics Capacity Building Pages 7 Statistics Capacity Building Pages (Non-Services Trade-related) 8 STATISTICAL DATABASES on Services Trade Statistics, FDI and FATS
Definitions
Trade in Services Trade in Services Statistics GATS FDI FATS Four Modes of Supply World Trade Organization
WTO Documents and Studies
Compendium of all WTO and Uruguay Round/GNS services trade meeting summaries and WTO research papers, collected courtesy of ISTIA A Review of Statistics on Trade Flows in Services - Note By The Secretariat, Council For Trade in Services, S/C/W/27/Add.1, 30/10/2000 A Review of Statistics on Trade Flows in Services - Note By The Secretariat, Council For Trade in Services, S/C/W/27, 10/11/1997 GATS and Statistics on Trade in Services - Note By The Secretariat, Council For Trade in Services, S/C/W/5, 17/7/1995 Inter-Agency Task Force on Statistics of International Trade in Services - Progress Report, May 2000 - Background Note By The Secretariat, Working Party on GATS Rules, S/WPGR/W/32,15/05/2000 Working Availability of Statistics on Foreign Direct investment And on The Activities of Foreign Affiliates - Note By The Secretariat, Group on The Relationship Between Trade And investment, WT/WGTI/W/24, 26/02/1998 Statistics on Trade in Services (follow-upBrazilian Questionnaire to the UN-CTC), MTN.GNS/W/17A, 15 September 1987 Statistics on Trade in Services (Brazilian Questionnaire to the UN-CTC), MTN.GNS/W/17, 17 August 1987 Summary Of Information Made Available By Relevant International Organizations On The Availability Of Data In Services, Special Distribution, MTN.GNS/W/5, 8 April 1987
Related Articles and Books
An Overview of U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis Statistics on Multinational Companies, by Ralph Kozlow, U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, from the BEA website Corporate Profits in the GDP Accounts, by Rosemary Marcuss, Presented at the National Association for Business Economics Conference on Economic Statistics, Kissimmee, Florida, May 2-4, 2004 GATS, the Modes of Supply and Statistics on Trade in Services, by P. Chang, G. Karsenty, A. Mattoo, and J. Richtering, Journal of World Trade, Vol. 33, No.3, June 1999 GATS 2000: New Directions in Services Trade Liberalization, edited by Pierre Sauvé, Robert M Stern, Brookings Institution ISBN 0-8157-7717-5 Globalizalization and Multinational Companies: What Are the Questions, and How Well Are We Doing in Answering Them?, by J. Steven Landefeld and Ralph Kozlow, Presented at the Conference of European Statisticians, Globalization Seminar, Geneva, Switzerland, June 12, 2003 Indirect Investment: FCS, USM, or 50% Ownership, by Ralph Kozlow, Presented at the March meeting of IMF/OECD Direct Investment Technical Expert Group, March 7-11, 2005 Measurement, Classification, and Reporting of Services Activities: An International Perspective by Obie G. Whichard, Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce Measurement of Banking Services in the U.S. National Income and Product Accounts: Recent Changes and Outstanding Issues, by Brent R. Moulton, Presented at the May 5, 2000 meeting of the BEA Advisory Committee. Measuring Globalization: The Experience of the United States of America, by Obie G. Whichard, U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Presented at the 22nd seminar of the European Advisory Committee on Statistical Information in the Economic and Social Spheres, Copenhagen, Denmark, June 2-3, 2003 Principles and Practices for Making Statistics Relevant for Economic Decision Making, by J. Steven Landefeld, Presented at the Goskomstat Workshop: Developing the State Statistical System of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia, May 28-29, 2000 Stats on FATS! Statistics on Foreign Affiliates Trade in Services - The new international standard, by Julian Arkell, paper commissioned by the Mark Twain Institute, 2000 Developing Countries and Services Trade: Chasing A Black Cat in a Dark Room, Blindfolded (2002) by Chakravarthi Raghavan, Third World Network UN services data collection won't help GATS negotiators, by Chakravarthi Raghavan, 2000 Services Data Collection Won't Reflect GATS Defintion, by Chakravarthi Raghavan, 2000 United States Statistics on Trade in Services, by Obie Whichard, Prepared for APEC Seminar on Statistical Reporting on Service Trade, Tianjin, P.R. China, 14-17 August 2000 U.S. Industry Classification Procedures for Direct Investment, by Ralph Kozlow and Obie G. Whichard, Presented at the March meeting of IMF/OECD Direct Investment Technical Expert Group, March 7-11, 2005
Official Studies and Reports
UN World Investment Report UN World Investment Directory Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO) studies on FDI and operations of FDI enterprises
Official Statistical Manuals
IMF Balance of Payments Compilation Guide IMF publication "How Countries Measure FDI" OECD Manual on Measurement of Globalization Statistics WTO Training Module for Measuring Trade in Services UN Manual on Statistics for International Trade in Services World Bank Institute course on U.S. BEA Collection of Services Statistics
Services Trade Statistics Capacity Building Pages
International Services Trade Information Agency website OECD page on international development work and coordination IMF page on trade in services statistics work UN Statistical Directorate page on trade in services statistics work Eurostat page on trade in services statistics activity work
Statistics Capacity Building Pages (Non-Services Trade-related)
PARIS21 Partnership in Statistics for Development in the 21st Century World Bank Data Development Group IMF capacity building page
STATISTICAL DATABASES on Services Trade Statistics, FDI and FATS
OECD statistics on trade in services database OECD statistics on value added and employment OECD Statistics for Trade in Services from Publication Eurostat database: Industry, Trade and Services US BEA page on international economic accounts JETRO database for FDI and trade in goods and services UNCTAD FDI/TNC database UNCTAD World Investment Directory online
End of Wikipedia content, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Services_Trade_Information_Agency
Credits & Copyright: This page is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia articles Foreign Direct Investment, Bilateral Investment Treaty, Balance of Payments, Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, International Services Trade Information Agency
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