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What are the Alternative Energy Options Available? .. .. See also the following questions: Will biofuels make the cut? How can we make the Middle East stable? How long will oil last? Billion Dollar Site Highlights Billion Dollar Questions – most important questions answered Billion Dollar People – the world of billionaires Billion Dollar Ideas – billion dollar concepts, products and businesses Billion Dollar News - billion dollar news and newsmakers Billion Dollar FAQ – questions about a billion dollars or more (and answers) Sine the 1970s energy crisis, the world has been trying to wean itself away from fossil fuels. The recent (2006) upheavals in the oil market, leading to unstable supplies and record oil prices, have again turned the world attention to alternative sources of energy. A number of them are being researched. This section provides comprehensive inputs and web resources for alternative sources of energy being explored. This page – like all the other pages at BillDoll.com - The Billion Dollar Questions Site - is a work-in-progress and stuff will get added regularly. List of Alternative Energy Options While in many discussions, the terms alternative energy and renewable energy are used interchangeably, renewable energy is actually only a part of – thought admittedly the largest part of – alternative energy. That is, there are certain energy sources being considered that are not renewable (such as diesel derived from coal), but can still be classified under Alternative Energy because these offer an alternative to the existing energy sources – ie., oil and natural gas. As mentioned however, the main interest in the field of alternative energy is on energy that can be derived from renewable sources – the so-called renewable energy. The following are the various alternative energy options being studied. A Wikipedia article that follows provides inputs on the pros and cons for some of these sources. Renewable Alternative Energy · Biofuels · Biodiesel · Ethylester Biodiesel · Algae-based Biodiesel · Biodiesel from Traditional Oilseeds · Biogas · Biogas powerplant · Energy crop · Alcohol fuels · Butanol fuel · Methanol Fuel · Methanol blend · Ethanol Fuel · Cellulosic ethanol · E85 · E95 · Common ethanol fuel mixtures · Propanol Fuel · Timeline of alcohol fuel · Alcohol Fuel Production · Clostridium acetobutylicum · Vegetable oil used as fuel · Biomass · Biomass to liquid · Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels · Wood fuel 1. Binchōtan · Wood gas · Wood pellets · Bagasse · Anaerobic digestion · Biomass gas · Crop residue · Willow Biomass Project · Dimethyl ether · Fuel from Animals · Whale oil · Cow dung · Geothermal Energy · Geothermal heating · Geothermal heat pump · Geothermal plant · Hydro-power · Hydroelectricity · Blue energy · Dam · Hydrogen Energy · Hydrogen economy · Solar Energy · Solar Cells · Dye-sensitized solar cells · High efficiency solar cells · Timeline of solar cells · Solar power · Solar thermal energy · Solar cooling · Solar dish · Solar thermal collector · Solar thermal panels · Photovoltaic cell (PVC) · Active solar · Wave / Tidal Energy · Ocean Energy · Ocean energy systems · Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) · Wind power (offshore) · Wave power · Wind Energy · Gravitational energy · Electro-magnetic Energy · Radiant energy · Renewable natural gas · Waste to Energy · Municipal waste to energy project or plant · Municipal solid waste · Organic waste · Waste heat boiler · Waste heat recovery · Waste oils and tar · Landfill gas · Septic tank · Thermal technologies: Gasification (partly renewable) Pyrolysis (partly renewable) · Non-thermal technologies: Anaerobic digestion Mechanical biological treatment MBT-Anaerobic digestion (renewable energy) MBT-Refuse derived fuel (partly renewable) · Unique Alternative Energy · Clockwork radio Non-renewable Alternative Energy · Nuclear Energy · Nuclear Fusion · Nuclear Fission · Fossil Fuels · Coal · Coal Synfuel · Syngas · Waste coal .. .. Specific topics under this section Bio-energy & Biofuels – Biodiesel, Ethanol, Biomass… Geothermal Energy – Production, Applications Reference, Directory Hydro-power – Hydropower Production, Applications Reference Hydroelectricity – Hydro-electricity Production, Applications Reference Blue Energy – Production, Applications Reference, Directory Hydrogen Energy – Production, Applications Reference, Directory Solar Energy – Production, Applications Reference, Directory Solar Cells – Production, Applications Reference, Directory Wave / Tidal Energy – Production, Applications Reference, Directory Ocean Energy – Production, Applications Reference, Directory Wind Energy – Production, Applications Reference, Directory Radiant Energy – Production, Applications Reference, Directory Waste to Energy – Production, Applications Reference, Directory Nuclear Energy – Production, Applications Reference, Directory Nuclear Fusion – Production, Applications Reference, Directory Alternative Fossil Fuels Fossil Fuels – Production, Applications Reference, Directory Coal – Production, Applications Reference, Directory Synfuel – Production, Applications Reference, Directory Syngas – Production, Applications Reference, Directory Renewable Energy Technologies This is how some of these alternative / renewable energy processes work. Hydroelectricity Dam → water pressure → turbine → electricity Solar technologies Passive solar design (sunbeam → low-temperature heat) Solar thermal (parabolic mirrors to focus sunbeam → steam → electricity) Photovoltaic cells (direct conversion sunbeam → electricity) Wind technology Wind turbines (wind → electricity) Geothermal power generation (use of permanent temperature difference) On land At sea Biomass Organic material → sugars → alcohol (liquid fuel) Resource recovery Incineration of solid waste → heat → steam Energy from the ocean Wave energy Tidal energy Geothermal energy Content Derived from Wikipedia Article on Alternative Energy Development This article discusses the various alternative energy sources that are being explored and being developed, and the pros and cons for each of these alternatives. Energy development is the ongoing effort to provide sustainable, accessible energy resources through knowledge, skills, and constructions. When harnessing energy from primary energy sources and converting them into more convenient secondary energy forms, such as electrical energy and cleaner fuels, both emissions (reducing pollution) and quality (more efficient use) are important. Dependence on external energy sources All biological life needs a supply of external energy. Most plants are capable of photosynthesis, some bacteria employ natural sources of chemical energy. Many other organisms thrive on biomass energy passed along in food chains. Beyond biological needs of humanity, technologically advanced societies have become increasingly vulnerable in their dependence on external energy sources for the production of many manufactured goods and the delivery of myriad services. This energy allows people, in general, to live under diverse climatic conditions, in large populations, and often in controlled environments. Level of dependence of human societies on external energy sources differs, as does the climate, comfort, obesity, pollution, output, and greenhouse gas emissions of each society. Increased levels of human comfort generally induce increased dependence on external energy sources. Conversely, comfort can also be realized with lowered energy consumption by the application of energy efficiency and conservation approaches. Wise energy use therefore embodies the idea of balancing human comfort with reasonable energy consumption levels by researching and implementing effective and sustainable energy harvesting and utilisation measures. As an example of external energy dependence, U.S. President George Bush has stated that "America is addicted to oil, which is often imported from unstable parts of the world". Another example is the growing reliance on energy supplies to Europe from Russia. Limitations to energy development Use of any given energy source in human societies encounters limits to quantitative expansion. At the beginning of the 21st century some issues have achieved global dimension. Principal fossil energy sources, such as oil and natural gas are approaching production declines that may occur within the span of a generation (see Hubbert peak hypothesis). Closely linked to energy development are concerns about the environmental effects of energy use, such as climate changes. Energy development issues are part of the much debated sustainable development problem. Energy sources Energy sources are substances or processes with concentrations of energy at a high enough potential to be feasibly encouraged to convert to lower energy forms under human control for human benefit. Except for nuclear fuels, tidal energy and geothermal energy, all terrestrial energy sources are solar. And ultimately, both solar energy itself, and geothermal energy, are nuclear in origin. .. .. Fossil fuels Fossil fuels, in terms of energy, involve the burning of coal or hydrocarbon fuels, which are the remains of the decomposition of plants and animals. Steam power plant combustion heats water to create steam, which turns a turbine, which, in turn, generates electricity, waste heat, and pollution. There are three main types of fossil fuels: coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Pros Because it is based on the simple process of combustion, the burning of fossil fuels can generate large amounts of electricity with a small amount of fuel. Gas-fired power plants are more efficient than coal fired power plants, which have improved slightly over the past years. Fossil fuels such as coal are readily available and are currently plentiful. If more energy is required, more coal can be strip-mined. The transport of coal is by rail, especially if the plant is located close to the fuel source. Coal is cheap compared to other sources of energy. Because there are large deposits of coal in the world, the per-unit cost is relatively low. The technology already exists (except for Clean coal technology and Carbon capture and storage) for the use of fossil fuels, meaning consumers do not have to spend money switching to other technologies, except for oil and natural gas, as they approach peak production. Fossil fuels in liquid form are easy to distribute. Cons Liquid fossil fuels are highly flammable and their storage can be disastrous when accidents occur. The combustion of fossil fuels leads to the release of pollution into the atmosphere. Some of these by-products, such as carbon dioxide, are heat-trapping gases, which contribute to the greenhouse effect through radioactive forcing leading to global warming, stronger storms, and rapidly increasing costs of adverse weather. Other pollutants, including sulfur dioxide, are present in acid precipitation. Dependence on fossil fuels from volatile regions or countries creates security risks for dependent countries. Oil dependence in particular has lead to monopolization, war, and socio-political instability. They are considered non-renewable resources, which will eventually decline in production and become exhausted, with dire consequences to societies that remain highly dependent on them. Fossil fuels are actually slowly forming continuously, but we are using them up at a rate 100,000 times faster than they are formed. Extracting fossil fuels is becoming more difficult as we consume the most accessible fuel deposits. Extraction of fossil fuels is becoming more expensive and more dangerous as mines get deeper and oil rigs go further out to sea. Extraction of fossil fuels can result in extensive environmental degradation, such as the strip mining and mountaintop removal of coal. The drilling and transportation of petroleum can result in accidents that result in the despoilation of hundreds of miles of beaches and the death or elimination of many forms of wildlife in the area. The storage of these fuels can result in accidents with explosions and poisoning of the atmosphere and groundwater. Hydroelectric energy In hydro energy, the gravitational descent of a river is compressed from a long run to a single location with a dam or a flume. This creates a location where concentrated pressure and flow can be used to turn turbines or water wheels, which drive a mechanical mill or an electric generator. An electric generator, when there is excess energy available, can be run backwards as a motor to pump water back up for later use. Pros Hydroelectric power stations can promptly increase to full capacity, unlike other types of power stations. This is because water can be accumulated above the dam and released to coincide with peaks in demand. Electricity can be generated constantly, because there are no outside forces, which affect the availability of water. This is in contrast to wind, solar or tidal power, all of which are far less reliable. Hydroelectric power produces no waste or pollution. Hydropower is a renewable resource; oil, natural gas, and coal reserves may be depleted over time. Hydroelectricity secures a country's access to energy supplies. Cons The construction of a dam can have a serious environmental impact on the surrounding areas. The amount and the quality of water downstream can be affected, which affects plant life both aquatic, and land-based. Because a river valley is being flooded, the delicate local habitat of many species are destroyed, while people living nearby may have to relocate their homes. Dams are expensive to build, making the start-up costs of a hydroelectric power station very high. Hydroelectricity can only be used in areas where there is a large supply of water. Flooding submerges large forests (if they have not been harvested). As the vegetation decays, it releases methane, a greenhouse gas. Nuclear energy Nuclear power stations work similarly to fossil fuel power plants, except for the fact that the heat is produced by the reaction of uranium inside a nuclear reactor. The reactor uses uranium rods, the atoms of which are split in the process of fission, releasing a large amount of energy. The process continues as a chain reaction with other nuclei takes place. The heat released heats water to create steam, which spins a turbine, producing electricity. Pros The process of nuclear fission allows for the production of tremendous amounts of energy from a small amount of fuel. The energy content of a pound of uranium or thorium is equivalent to 3.5 million lbs of coal (1,6 million kilos). The cost of making nuclear power is about the same as coal, which is considered very inexpensive. Nuclear power plants are heavily guarded with the nuclear reactor inside a reinforced containment building, and thus are relatively impervious to terrorist attack or adverse weather conditions. Nuclear power does not produce any air pollution or release carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere. Therefore, it does not contribute to global warming or acid rain. Cons Waste produced from nuclear fission of uranium is poisonous, and highly radioactive, requiring maintenance and monitoring at the storage sites. Moreover, the long-term disposal of the long-lived nuclear waste causes serious problems, since (unless the spent fuel is reprocessed) it takes from one to three thousand years for the spent fuel to come back to the natural radioactivity of the uranium ore body that was mined to produce it. The operation of an uncontained nuclear reactor near human settlements can be catastrophic, as shown by the Chernobyl accident in the Ukraine (former USSR), where large areas of land were affected by nuclear fallout. Members of the public are hesitant about the safety of nuclear power. Building a nuclear power plant requires a huge investment, and the costs of safe disassembling (called decommissioning) after it reaches end of usable life have to be be included into the budget. There can be connections between nuclear power and nuclear weapon proliferation, since both require large-scale uranium enrichment facilities. An international organization (the IAEA) supervises all reactors. Nuclear fuels are non-renewable energy sources, with unknown high concentration ore reserves. There is a large amount of trace concentration nuclear material in seawater and most rocks, however extraction from these is not economical. Uranium mining activities produce greenhouse gases which contribute to global warming (although not nearly as much as coal mining). Wind power This type of energy harnesses the power of the wind to propel the blades of wind turbines. These turbines cause the rotation of magnets, which creates electricity. Wind towers are usually built together on wind farms. Pros Wind power produces no water or air pollution that can contaminate the environment, because there are no chemical processes involved in wind power generation, there are no by-products, such as carbon dioxide, left over Wind generation is a renewable source of energy, which means that we will never run out of it Wind towers can be beneficial for people living permanently, or temporarily, in remote areas. It may be difficult to transport electricity through wires from a power plant to a far-away location and thus, wind towers can be set up at the remote setting Farming and grazing can still take place on land occupied by wind turbines Those utilizing wind power in a grid-tie configuration will have backup power in the event of a grid outage Cheap in terms of real estate costs with increasing population and land cultivation. Takes only a few meters at the base and even cheaper if built off shore Cons Wind power is intermittent in many locations, because consistent wind is needed to ensure continuous power generation. When the wind speed decreases, the turbine lingers and less electricity is generated, thus the production at any time in these places is not fully predictable. In some areas, however, winds are highly reliable, or seasonably predictable. Commercial generation requires a wind farm over large areas having an effect on scenery. Wind farms, depending on the location and type of turbine, can negatively affect bird migration patterns and pose a danger to the birds themselves. Newer, larger wind turbines have slower moving blades which are visible to birds. The effect of large scale wind farms on the climate is unknown, just as the effect of buildings, other manmade structures, and agricultural windbreaks have unknown effects on the climate through the extraction of energy from the prevailing wind. Wave power Wave power is the extraction of energy from waves in large bodies of water such as oceans and large lakes. Wave power is a form of renewable energy that is on the rise. Pros Potentially highly abundant for countries with large coastlines. Potentially minimal effect on the environment Cons No viable large scale method of energy production exists. Limited to coastlines. Requires initial research, development and investment in infrastructure. Biomass Biomass production involves using garbage or renewable resources, especially vegetation, like maize, to generate electricity. When garbage decomposes the methane produced is captured in pipes and later burned to produce electricity. Vegetation and wood can be burned directly, like fossil fuels, to generate energy, or processed to form alcohols. Pros Biomass production can be used to burn organic waste products resulting from agriculture. This type of recycling encourages the philosophy that nothing on this Earth should be wasted. The result is less demand on the Earth's resources, and a higher carrying capacity for Earth because non-renewable fossil fuels are not consumed. Biomass is abundant on Earth and is generally renewable. In theory, we will never run out of organic waste products as fuel, because we are continuously producing them. In addition, biomass is found throughout the world, a fact that should alleviate energy pressures in third world nations. When methods of biomass production other than direct combustion of plant mass, such as fermentation and pyrolysis, are used, there is little effect on the environment. Alcohols and other fuels produced by these alternative methods biomass are clean burning and are feasible replacements to fossil fuels. Cons Direct combustion without emissions filtering generally leads to air pollution similar to that from fossil fuels. Producing liquid fuels from biomass is generally less cost effective than from petroleum, since the production of biomass and its subsequent conversion to alcohols is particularly expensive. Some researchers claim that, when biomass crops are the product of intensive farming, ethanol fuel production results in a net loss of energy after one accounts for the fuel costs of fertilizer production, farm equipment, and the distillation process. Hydrogen fuel Unlike the other energy sources in this article, hydrogen fuel must be manufactured with a net loss of energy. When manufactured from natural gas it is, like gasoline, a derivative fuel; when produced using electricity, it is a form chemical energy storage as in storage batteries. In using hydrogen as a fuel, there are two basic alternatives: (1) a fuel cell can convert the chemicals hydrogen and oxygen into water, and in the process, produce electricity, or (2) hydrogen can be burned (less efficiently than in a fuel cell) in an internal combustion engine (e.g. Mazda RX-8 rotary engine). Pros Hydrogen is colourless, odourless and entirely non-polluting, yielding pure water vapor (with minimal NOx) as exhaust when combusted in air. This eliminates the direct production of exhaust gases that lead to smog, and carbon dioxide emissions that enhance the effect of global warming. Hydrogen is the lightest chemical element and has the best energy-to-weight ratio of any fuel. Because of this, hydrogen can be economically competitive with gasoline or diesel as a transportation fuel. Hydrogen can be produced anywhere; it can be produced domestically from the decomposition of the most abundant chemical on earth: water. Consequently, countries do not have to rely on OPEC countries for fossil fuels. Hydrogen can be produced from domestic sources and the price can be established within the country. Electrolysis combined with fuel-cell regeneration is more than 50% efficient; more efficient than pumped hydro and many other forms of mechanical storage. Stationary storage with double-walled tanks is stable over long periods of time; hydrogen which outgases from the interior can be pumped back in. Cons Other than some volcanic emanations, hydrogen does not exists in its pure form in the environment, as a gas, because Earth's gravity is not strong enough to hold it at bay at the existing temperature (temperature provides the escape velocity. Helium also isn't retained.) There is concern that a hydrogen economy based on nonhydrocarbon or unreacted hydrogen sources would negatively affect Earth's overall hydrogen budget due to leaks into the atmosphere, and then from the atmosphere into outer space. It is impossible to obtain hydrogen gas without expending energy in the process. There are two ways to manufacture hydrogen; By electrolysis from water - The process of splitting water into oxygen and hydrogen using electrolysis consumes large amounts of energy. It has been calculated that it takes 1.4 joules of electricity to produce 1 joule of hydrogen (Pimentel, 2002). By breaking down hydrocarbons - mainly methane. If oil or gases are used to provide this energy, fossil fuels are consumed, forming pollution and nullifying the value of using a fuel cell. It would be more efficient to use fossil fuel directly. By reacting water with a metal such as Sodium, Potassium, or Boron. Chemical by-products would be sodium oxide, potassium oxide, and boron oxide. Processes exist which could recycle these elements back into their metal form for re-use with additional energy input, further eroding the energy return on energy invested. There is currently a lack of infrastructure and distribution network required to support the widespread use of hydrogen as a fuel. It would cost a lot of money and energy to build hydrogen plants and to replace every car and bus with a hydrogen engine and fuel tank. Hydrogen is complicated to handle, store, and transport. It requires heavy, cumbersome tanks when stored as a gas, and complex insulating bottles if stored as a cryogenic liquid. If it is needed at a moderate temperature and pressure, a metal hydride absorber may be needed. Transport is also a problem, because hydrogen leaks effortlessly from containers, reducing the efficiency of the fuel. These hassles make hydrogen power very expensive. Current efficient fuel cell designs are expensive since they need Platinum as a catalyst. If we were to replace every Internal combustion engine with a Fuel cell then we could potentially use all the Earth's Platinum reserves in two years. Tidal power Tidal energy involves building a dam across the opening to a tidal basin, called an estuary. The dam, called a barrage, is composed of turbines, located within tunnels in the dam that rotate when a tide comes in, generating electricity. Pros Tidal power is free once the dam is built. This is because tidal power harnesses the natural power of tides and does not consume fuel. In addition, the maintenance costs associated with running a tidal station are relatively inexpensive. Tides are very reliable because it is easy to predict when high and low tides will occur. The tide goes in and out twice a day usually at the predicted times. This makes tidal energy easy to maintain, and positive and negative spikes in energy can be managed. Tidal energy is renewable, because nothing is consumed in the rising of tides. Tidal power relies on the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun, which pull the sea backwards and forwards, generating tides. Cons Tidal power is not currently economically feasible, because the initial costs of building a dam are tremendous. Furthermore, it only provides power for around 10 hours each day, when the tide is moving in or out of the basin. The barrage construction can affect the transportation system in water. Boats may not be able to cross the barrage, and commercial ships, used for transport or fishery, need to find alternative routes or costly systems to go through the barrage. The erection of a barrage may affect the aquatic ecosystems surrounding it. The environment affected by the dam is very wide, altering areas numerous miles upstream and downstream. For example, many birds rely on low tides to unearth mud flats, which are used as feeding areas. Maximum energy production is limited to 2.5 terawatts. This is the total amount of tidal dissipation or the friction measured by the slowing of the lunar orbit. Solar power Solar power involves using solar cells to convert sunlight into electricity, using sunlight hitting solar thermal panels to convert sunlight to heat water or air, using sunlight hitting a parabolic mirror to heat water (producing steam), or using sunlight entering windows for passive solar heating of a building. Pros Solar power is a renewable resource. As long as the Sun exists, its energy will reach Earth. Solar power generation releases no water or air pollution, because there is no combustion of fuels. In sunny countries, solar power can be used in remote locations, like a wind turbine. This way, isolated places can receive electricity, when there is no way to connect to the power lines from a plant. Solar energy can be used very efficiently for heating (solar ovens, solar water and home heaters) and lighting. Cons Solar power is not always completely predictable because it depends on the amount of sunlight that reaches the Earth at any given time. This makes a solar cell ineffectual during the night when sunlight does not reach the part of the Earth in which the cell is located and less effective when cloud cover scatters sunlight. Some forms of solar power are not currently cost competitive. A photovoltaic power station is expensive to build, about 10% efficient, and the energy payback time - the time necessary for producing the same amount of energy than needed for building the power device - for photovoltaic cells is large, of the order of five years In order to use solar generated electricity most effectively throughout the day if it is not used as it is generated, power transport (commonly configured as a grid-tie interconnection) or energy storage would need to be employed. Geothermal energy Geothermal energy harnesses the heat energy present underneath the Earth. The hot rocks heat water to produce steam. When holes are drilled in the region, the steam that shoots up is purified and is used to drive turbines, which power electric generators. Pros Geothermal energy does not produces air or water pollution if performed correctly Once a geothermal power station is implemented, the energy produced from the station is practically free. A small amount of energy is required in order to run a pump, although this pump can be powered by excess energy generated at the plant. Geothermal powers stations are relatively small, and have a lesser impact on the environment than tidal or hydroelectric plants. Because geothermal technology does not rely on large bodies of water, but rather, small, but powerful jets of water, like geysers, large generating stations can be avoided without losing functionality. Cons Geothermal energy is only sufficient as source of power in certain areas of the world. These regions require the presence of hot rocks near the surface to warm the water. The depth of these rocks must be shallow enough that one can drill down to them, and the type of rock also plays a role as it must be easy to drill through. Some geothermal sites are prone to running out of steam, when their water is not heated at a high enough temperature to generate steam pressure. This can render the site useless in terms of energy production for decades. Drilling holes underground may release hazardous gases and minerals from deep inside the Earth. It can be problematic to dispose of these subsidiary products in a safe manner. Energy transportation While new sources of energy are only rarely discovered or made possible by new technology, distribution technology continually evolves. The use of fuel cells in cars, for example, is an anticipated delivery technology. This section presents some of the more common delivery technologies that have been important to historic energy development. They all rely in some way on the energy sources listed in the previous section. Fuels Shipping is a flexible delivery technology that is used in the whole range of energy development regimes from primitive to highly advanced. Currently, coal, petroleum and their derivatives are delivered by shipping via boat, rail, or road. Petroleum and natural gas may also be delivered via pipeline. Refined hydrocarbon fuels such as gasoline and LPG may also be delivered via aircraft. Electric grids Electricity grids are the networks used to transmit and distribute power from production source to end user, when the two may be hundreds of kilometres away. Sources include electrical generation plants such as a nuclear reactor, coal burning power plant, etc. A combination of sub-stations, transformers, towers, cables, and piping are used to maintain a constant flow of electricity. Grids may suffer from transient blackouts and brownouts, often due to weather damage. During certain extreme space weather events solar wind can interfere with transmissions. Grids also have a predefined carrying capacity or load that cannot safely be exceeded. When power requirements exceed what's available, failures are inevitable. To prevent problems, power is then rationed. Industrialised countries such as Canada, the US, and Australia are among the highest per capita consumers of electricity in the world, which is possible thanks to a widespread electrical distribution network. CurrentEnergy provides a realtime overview of the electricity supply and demand for California, Texas, and the Northeast of the US. African countries with small scale electrical grids have a correspondingly low annual per capita usage of electricity. One of the most powerful power grids in the world supplies power to the state of Queensland, Australia. This network's service provision and its administration is an ongoing issues for that states politicians. Energy storage While most fuels can be stored, electricity in itself cannot. For that reason, many methods of energy storage have been developed, which transform electrical energy into other forms of energy. A method of energy storage may be chosen based on stability, ease of transport, ease of energy release, or ease of converting free energy from the natural form to the stable form. Chemical Some natural forms of energy are found in stable chemical compounds such as fossil fuels. Most systems of chemical energy storage result from biological activity, which store energy in chemical bonds. Man-made forms of chemical energy storage include hydrogen fuel, batteries and explosives such as cordite and dynamite. Gravitational Dams can be used to store energy, by using excess energy to pump water into the reservoir. When electrical energy is required, the process is reversed. The water then turns a turbine, generating electricity. Hydroelectric power is currently an important part of the world's energy supply, generating one-fifth of the world's electricity Another example of gravitational energy storage is the counter-weight on elevators. Electrical capacitance Electrical energy may be stored in capacitors. These are often used to produce high intensity releases of energy (such as a camera's flash) Mechanical Pressure Energy may also be stored pressurized gases or alternatively in a vacuum. Compressed air, for example, may be used to operate vehicles and power tools. Large scale compressed air energy storage facilities are used to smooth out demands on electricity generation by providing energy during peak hours and storing energy during off-peak hours. Such systems save on expensive generating capacity since it only needs to meet average consumption rather than peak consumption. Flywheels and springs Energy can also be stored in mechanical systems such as springs or flywheels. Flywheel energy storage is currently being used for uninterruptible power supplies. Future energy development Extrapolations from current knowledge to future energy development offer a choice of energy futures. Some predictions parallel the Malthusian catastrophe hypothesis. Numerous are complex models based scenarios as pioneered by Limits to Growth. Modelling approaches offer ways to analyse diverse strategies, and hopefully find a road to rapid and sustainable development of humanity. Short term energy crises are also a concern of energy development. Existing technologies for new energy sources, such as new renewable energy technologies, nuclear fission and fusion are promising, but need sustained research and development, including consideration of possible harmful side effects. Artificial Photosynthesis is another energy technology being researched and developed. Related topics: Nuclear power phase-out Nuclear energy policy Comparison of power plants Future energy development List of environment topics References Bilgen, S. and K. Kaygusuz, Renewable Energy for a Clean and Sustainable Future, Energy Sources 26, 1119 (2004). Energy analysis of Power Systems, UIC Nuclear Issues Briefing Paper 57 (2004). Relevant Journals Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization and Environmental Effects Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning and Policy International Journal of Green Energy End of Wikipedia content, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_energy Web Resources for Alternative Energy Sources Nuclear Energy FAQ on Nuclear Energy Nuclear Energy – from the Energy Story Nuclear Energy - from Wikipedia Fuel Cells How Fuel Cells Work – from How Stuff Works Fuel Cell Today Fuel Cell Vehicles – from Fuel Economy.gov Hydrogen Energy Hydrogen Energy Center Hydrogen Energy Resources – from US Dept of Energy Wind Energy Wind Energy – from the Energy Story Wind Energy Resources – from US Dept of Energy Solar Energy Solar Energy Resources from US Govt Dept of Energy International Solar Energy Society Bio-energy Bioenergy Information Network, Govt of USA Biodiesel Encyclopedia Sections for the Various Bio-energy Sources Introduction to Biodiesel Biodiesel History Biodiesel Properties & Characteristics Biodiesel Production Plant Oils Used as Biodiesel The Economics of Biodiesel Disadvantages of Biodiesel Biodiesel Case Studies Biodiesel Forums Biodiesel Research ( Biodiesel Breakthroughs ) Biodiesel Links & Directories Biodiesel News & Updates Biodiesel FAQ Biodiesel Data & Stats Biofuels - Advantages, Reference, Biogasoline, Ethanol Hydro Power Hydropower – from Wikipedia Hydropower Energy – from US Dept of Energy US Hydropower Association How Hydropower Works ( see also: Hydropower Facts) International Hydropower Association US DOE Hydropower Program International Journal on Hydropower & Dams How Hydropower Plants Work – from How Stuff Works Waste to Energy Waste to Energy News – from Free Energy News Integrated Waste Services Association - Promote integrated solutions to municipal solid waste management challenges. IWSA encourages the use of waste-to-energy technology as an integral component of a comprehensive, integrated solid waste management program. Waste to Energy Introduction for Children – from DoE, USA Kids section Waste to Energy Research & Technology Council – from Columbia University Electromagnetic Energy A Maui-based company harnesses ambient radiation as a source of power for devices - By Jim Borg, Star Bulletin, Oct 2006 Wave / Tidal Energy Tidal Power – Energy from Sea – an Introduction Tidal Power – from Wikipedia Oil Derived from Coal – Coal can be synthesized to produce diesel. See this article on Coal to Diesel Breakthrough from Science Daily; see also the section Diesel from Coal – from CastorOil.in Alternative Energy Links - General Alternative Energy – Evaluating our Options – Energy Bulletin Alternative Energy Sources – Myths & Realities – A 1998 Journal Paper The Secret World of Energy - The Evolution and Use of the World's Energy Systems - By Eric McLamb – Ecology.com Funny cartoon about alternative energy and oil Oil & Energy Glossary of Terms Given below is a list of words & terms related to the field of energy – oil, natural gas, alternative energy and related. Use the list of terms to search for specific aspects of oil, gas and alternative energy. The best way would be to use a search engine such as google or yahoo for searching on content on these terms / words. A-1 – ACBM, Acid mine drainage, Acid rain, mineral rights, Acre-foot, Acreage & Gross Acreage, Net Acreage, Active power, Active solar, Actual peak reduction, Adjustable speed drives, Adjusted electricity, Adjustment bid, Administrative and general expenses, Afforestation, Aftermarket converted vehicle, Aftermarket vehicle converter, Agglomerating character, Aggregate ratio, Aggregator, Air cleaner, Air collector, Air conditioning, Air conditioning intensity, Air pollution abatement equipment, Alcohol, Alkylate, Alkylation, All-electric home, Alternate energy source for primary heater, Alternating current (AC), Alternative fuel (Methanol, denatured ethanol, and other alcohols, fuel mixtures containing 85 percent or more by volume of methanol, denatured ethanol, and other alcohols with gasoline or other fuels -- natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas (propane), hydrogen, coal-derived liquid fuels, fuels (other than alcohol) derived from biological materials (biofuels such as soy diesel fuel), electricity (including electricity from solar energy.)), Alternative-fuel vehicle (AFV), Alternative fuel vehicle converter, Alternative-rate DSM program assistance, Amorphous silicon, Amortization, Ampere, Ancillary services, Annual operating factor A-2 - ANSI assembly identifier, Anthracite, Anthropogenic, API, API gravity, Apparent consumption, (coal), Apparent consumption, natural gas (international), Apparent consumption, petroleum (international), Apparent power, Appliance, Appliance efficiency index, Appliance efficiency standards, Aromatics, Asbestos, Ash, Asphalt, Asphalt (refined), As received coal, As-received condition or as-received basis (coal), Assembly identifier, Assembly type, Assessment work, Assistance for heating in winter, Assistance for weatherization of residence, Associated-dissolved natural gas, Associated natural gas, ASTM A-3 - Atmospheric crude oil distillation, at wt, Auger mine, Automatic set-back or clock thermostat, Automobile and truck classifications, Auxiliary generator, Available but not needed capability, Average Annual Percent Change (Coal), Average household energy expenditures, Average mine price, Average production per miner per day, Average production per miner per hour, Average revenue per kilowatthour, Average stream flow, Average vehicle fuel consumption, Average vehicle miles traveled, Aviation gasoline (finished), Aviation gasoline blending components B-1 - Backup fuel, Backup Generator, Backup power, Barrel, Barrels per Calendar day, Barrels per Stream day, Base (cushion) gas, Base bill, Base load, Base load capacity, Base load plant, Base period, Base rate, Baseboard heater, Bbl, bbl/d, bbl/sd, bcf, Benzene (C6H6), Bi-fuel vehicle, Biodiesel, Biofuels, Biomass, Biomass gas, Bitumen, Bituminous coal, Black liquor, Black lung benefits, Blast furnace, Blast-furnace gas, Blending components, Blending plant, Block-rate structure, BLS, BOE, Boiler, Boiler fuel, Boiling-water reactor (BWR), Bonded petroleum imports, Bone coal, Bottled gas, Bottled gas, LPG, or propane B-2 - Bottom ash, Bottom-hole contribution, Bottoming cycle, Bp, Branded product, Break-even cutoff grade, Breccia, Breeder reactor, British thermal unit, Btu, Btu conversion factors, Btu per cubic foot, BTX, Budget plan, Building shell conservation feature, Building shell (envelope) DSM program, Built-in electric units, Bulk power transactions, Bulk sales, Bulk station, Bulk terminal, Bundled utility service (electric), Bunker fuels, Burn days, Burnup, Bus, Butane (C4H10), Butylene (C4H8), Buy-back oil, Bypassed footage, Byproduct C-1 - C4H, Calcination, Calcium sulfate, Calcium sulfite, California Power Exchange, Canadian deuterium uranium reactor (CANDU), Cannel coal, Capable of being fueled, Capacity, Capacity (purchased), Capacity charge, Capacity factor, Capacity transaction, Capacity utilization, Capital cost, Capital stock, Captive coal, Captive refinery MTBE plants, Captive refinery oxygenate plants, Carbon black, Carbon budget, Carbon cycle, Carbon dioxide (CO2), Carbon dioxide equivalent, Carbon flux, Carbon intensity, Carbon output rate, Carbon sequestration, Carbon sink, Carburetor, Carrying costs, Cash and carry, Casinghead gas (or oil well gas) C-2 - Cast silicon, Catalyst coke, Catalytic converter, Catalytic cracking, Catalytic hydrocracking, Catalytic hydrotreating, Catalytic reforming, CDD, Cells, Cells to OEM (non-PV), Census division, Census Region, Census Region/division, Central chiller, Central cooling, Central physical plant, Central warm air furnace, Centralized water heating system, Cesspool, CFC, Cfs, Chained dollars, Charge capacity, Chemical separation, Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), CIF (cargo, insurance and freight), CIF (cost, insurance, freight), Circuit, Circuit-mile, Citygate, Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), Climate change, Clinker, Cloud condensation nuclei, CO control period ("seasons"), Coal, Coal analysis: Proximate analysis, Ultimate analysis, Agglomerating, Agglutinating, Coal bed, Coal bed degasification, Coal bed methane, Coal briquets, Coal carbonized, Coal chemicals C-3 - Coal coke, Coal consumption, Coal delivered, Coal exports, Coal face, Coal fines, Coal gas, Coal gasification, Coal grade: Briquettes, Cleaned coal or prepared coal, Compliance coal, Culm and silt, Low-sulfur coal, Metallurgical coal (or coking coal), Pulverized coal, Slack coal, Steam coal, Stoker coal, Coal imports, Coal liquefaction, Coal mining productivity, Coal preparation, Coal-producing regions (Coal producing districts), Coal production, Coal rank, Coal sampling (Face channel or channel sample: Column sample, Bench sample, Composite sample), Coal stocks, Coal sulfur, Coal Synfuel, Coal type, Coal zone, Code of Federal Regulations, Cofiring, Cogeneration, Cogeneration system, Cogenerator, Coincidental demand, Coincidental peak load C-4 - Coke (coal), Coke (petroleum), Coke breeze, Coke button, Coke oven gas, Coke plants, Coking - Delayed Coking, Flexicoking, Fluid Coking, Coking coal, Cold-deck imputation, Combined cycle, Combined cycle unit, Combined heat and power (CHP) plant, Combined household energy expenditures, Combined hydroelectric plant, Combined pumped-storage plant, Combustion, Combustion chamber, Commercial building, Commercial facility, Commercial operation (nuclear), Commercial sector, Commingling, Commissioned agent, Common equity (book value), Compact fluorescent bulbs, Competitive transition charge, Completion (oil/gas production), Completion date (oil/gas production), Compliance coal, Compressed natural gas (CNG), Compressor station, Concentrating solar power or solar thermal power system, Concentrator, Concession C-5 - Concessionary purchases, Condensate (lease condensate), Condenser cooling water, Conditional energy intensity, Conditionally effective rates, Conductor, Conference of the Parties (COP), Configuration maps, Congestion, Connected load, Connection, CO nonattainment area, Conservation and other DSM, Conservation feature, Conservation program, Consolidated entity, Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area (CMSA), Construction, Construction costs (of the electric power industry), Construction expenditures (of the electric power industry), Construction pipeline (of a nuclear reactor), Consumer (energy), Consumer charge, Consumption, Consumption per square foot, Continuous delivery energy sources, Continuous mining C-6 - Contracted gas, Conventional gasoline, Conventional hydroelectric plant, Conventional mill (uranium), Conventional mining, Conventional oil and natural gas production, Conventional thermal electricity generation, Conventionally fueled vehicle, Conversion company, Conversion factor, Converted (alternative-fuel) vehicle, Cooling, Cooling degree-days, Cooling pond, Cooling system, Cooperative electric utility, Coordination service, Coordination service pricing, Cord of wood, Correlation (statistical term), Cost, insurance, freight (CIF), Cost model for undiscovered resources, Cost of capital, Cost of debt, Cost of preferred stock C-7 - Cost of retained earnings, Cost of service, Cost-of-service regulation, Costs (imports of natural gas), Criteria pollutant, Crop residue, Crude oil, Crude oil acquisitions (unfinished oil acquisitions), Crude oil f.o.b. price, Crude oil input, Crude oil landed cost, Crude oil less lease condensate, Crude oil losses, Crude oil production, Crude oil qualities, Crude oil refinery input, Crude oil stocks, Crude oil, refinery receipts, Crystalline fully refined wax, Crystalline other wax, Cubic foot (cf), natural gas, Cull wood, Culm, Cultivar, Cumulative depletion, Current (electric), Current assets, Current liabilities, Current ratio, Customer choice, Customs district (coal), Cut-off grade (uranium), Cycle, Cycle/reactor history, Cycling (natural gas) D-1 - Dam, Day-ahead and hour-ahead markets, Day-ahead schedule, Daylighting controls, Deadweight tons, Dealer tank wagon (DTW) sales, Decatherm, Decommissioning, Decontamination, Dedicated reserves, Dedicated vehicle, Deepest total depth, Deferred cost, Deferred fuel costs, Deferred income tax (liability), Deforestation, Degasification system, Degradable organic carbon, Delayed coking, Delivered energy, Delivered (gas), Deliveries (electric), Demonstrated reserves, Demonstrated reserve base (coal), Demonstrated resources, Demonstration and test vehicles, Demurrage, Dependable capacity, Depletion (coal), Depletion allowance, Depleted resources, Depleted storage field, Depletion factor, Depreciation, Depreciation and amortization of property, plant, and equipment D-2 - Depth of deepest production, Deregulation, Design electrical rating (capacity) net, Design head, Desulfurization, Development, Development costs, Development drilling, Development well, Diesel-electric plant, Diesel fuel, Diesel fuel system, Diffusive transport, Direct access, Direct control load management, Direct electricity load control, Direct labor hours, Direct load control, Direct milling cost, Direct mining cost, Direct nonprocess end use, Direct process end use, Direct use, Direct utility cost, Directional (deviated) well, Discharged fuel, Discrete-delivery energy sources, Dispatching, Disposition, natural gas, Disposition, petroleum D-3 - Distillate fuel oil (No. 1 Distillate - No. 1 Diesel Fuel, No. 1 Fuel Oil, No. 2 Distillate, No. 2 Diesel Fuel, Low Sulfur No. 2 Diesel Fuel, High Sulfur No. 2 Diesel Fuel, No. 2 Fuel oil (Heating Oil), No. 4 Fuel, No. 4 Diesel Fuel and No. 4 Fuel Oil), Distillation unit (atmospheric), Distributed/point-of-use water-heating system, Distribution, Distribution system, Distribution use, District chilled water, District heat, Diversity, Diversity exchange, Divestiture, Docket, DOE, Domestic, Domestic inland consumption, Domestic uranium industry, Domestic vehicle producer, Double circuit line, Drainage basin, Drawdown, Drawdown (maximum), Dredge mining, Drift mine, Drilling – Exploratory, Developmental, Directional, Drilling and equipping of wells, Drilling arrangement, Dry bottom boiler, Dry (coal) basis, Dry gas, Dry hole, Dry hole charge, Dry hole contribution, Dry natural gas, Dry natural gas production, Dry production, Dual fuel vehicle (1), Dual fuel vehicle (2), Dual-fired unit, Dump energy E-1 - E85, E95, Economy of scale, Effective full-power days, EIA, Electric baseboard, Electric current, Electric energy Electric expenses, Electric generation, Electric generation industry, Electric generator, Electric hybrid vehicle, Electric industry reregulation, Electric industry restructuring, Electric motor vehicle, Electric operating expenses, Electric plant (physical), Electric power, Electric power grid, Electric power plant, Electric power sector, Electric power system, Electric pump for well water, Electric rate, Electric rate schedule, Electric system loss, Electric system reliability, Electric utility, Electric utility company, Electric utility divestiture, Electric utility restructuring, Electric utility sector, Electric zone, Electrical system energy losses, Electricity, Electricity broker E-2 - Electricity congestion, Electricity demand, Electricity demand bid, Electricity generation, Electricity generation, gross, Electricity generation, net, Electricity only plant, Electricity paid by household, Electricity sales, Electrochemical process, Elution, Emergency, Emergency backup generation, Emergency energy, Emissions, Emissions coefficient, End user, Ending stocks, Energy, Energy assistance program, Energy audit, Energy broker system, Energy charge, Energy conservation features, Energy consumption, Energy demand, Energy deliveries, Energy effects, Energy efficiency, Electricity, Energy efficient motors, Energy exchange E-3 - Energy expenditures, Energy information, Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy intensity (Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey), Energy loss, Energy loss (power), Energy management and control system (EMCS), Energy management practices, Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPACT), Energy production, Energy receipts, Energy reserves, Energy sale(s), Energy savings, Energy service provider, Energy source, Energy supply, Energy supplier, Energy used in the home, Energy-use sectors, Engine size, Enriched uranium, Enrichment feed deliveries, Environmental impact statement E-4 - Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) certification files, Environmental restoration, Environmental restrictions, EPA certification, EPA composite MPG, Equilibrium cycle, Equity (financial), Equity capital, Equity crude oil, Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, Establishment, Estimated additional resources (EAR), ETBE (ethyl tertiary butyl ether), Ethane (C2H6), Ethanol (CH3-CH2OH), Ether, Ethylene, Ethylene dichloride, Evacuated-tube collector, Evaporation pond, Evaporative cooler (swamp cooler), Excess statutory depletion, Exchange, Exchange agreement, Exchange, electricity, Exchange energy, Exchange, natural gas, Exchange, petroleum, Exempt wholesale generator (EWG), Exhaust fan, Expenditure, Expenditures per million Btu, Expenditures per square foot, Exploration drilling, Exploratory well, Exports, Extensions, Externalities, Extraction loss, Extractive industries, Extraordinary income deductions (electric utility) F-1 - Fabricated fuel, Facilities charge, Facility, Fahrenheit, Failure or hazard, f.a.s., f.a.s. value, Fast breeder reactor (FBR), Federal electric utility, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), Federal Power Act, Federal Power Commission (FPC), Federal region, Fee interest, Feeder line, FERC, FERC guidelines, Fertile material, Field, Field area, Field discovery year, Field production, Field separation facility, File rate schedule, Filing, Final order, Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), Finished leaded gasoline, Finished motor gasoline, Finished unleaded gasoline, Firm, Firm power, First purchase (of crude oil), First purchase price, Fiscal year, Fissile material, Fission, Fixed asset turnover, Fixed assets, Fixed carbon, Fixed charge coverage F-2 - Fixed cost (expense), Fixed operating costs, Flared, Flared natural gas, Flat and meter rate schedule, Flat demand rate schedule, Flat plate pumped, Fleet vehicle, Flexible fuel vehicle, Flexicoking, Floor (coal), Floor price, Floor space, Floor, wall, or pipeless furnace, Flow control, Flue, Flue gas desulfurization, Flue-gas desulfurization unit (scrubber), Flue-gas particulate collector, Fluid catalytic cracking, Fluid coking, Fluidized-bed combustion, Fluorescent lamp, Fluorescent light bulbs, Fluorescent lighting other than compact fluorescent bulbs, Flux material, Fly ash, FME: Free Market Economies, Free on board (f.o.b.), f.o.b. price, f.o.b. value (coal), Foreign-controlled firms (coal), Forward costs (uranium), Footage drilled, Forced outage F-3 - Foreign access, Foreign currency transaction gains and losses, Foreign currency translation effects, Foreign operations, Forward cost (1), Forward cost (2), Forward coverage, Fossil fuel, Fossil-fuel electric generation, Fossil fuel plant, Fossil fuel steam-electric power plant, Foundry, Foundry coke, Fractionation, Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC), Free alongside ship (f.a.s.), Free on board (f.o.b.), Free well, Fresh feed input, Fresh feeds, FRS, Fuel, Fuel cell, Fuel cycle, Fuel efficiency, Fuel emergencies, Fuel ethanol (C2H5OH), Fuel expenses, Fuel/fabricator assembly identifier, Fuel injection, Fuel oil, Fuel oil supplier, Fuel purchase agreement, Fuel ratio, Fuel switching capability, Fuel-switching DSM program assistance, Fuel wood, Fuels solvent deasphalting, Fugitive emissions, Full forced outage, Full power day, Full power operation, Full requirements consumer, Fumarole, Furnace, Furnace coke plant, Futures market G-1 - GAAP, Gallon, Gas, Gas cooled fast breeder reactor (GCFB), Gas oil, Gas plant operator, Gas processing unit, Gas to liquids (GTL), Gas turbine plant, Gas well, Gas well productivity, Gasification, Gasohol, Gasoline, Gasoline blending components, Gasoline grades ( Regular gasoline, Midgrade gasoline, Premium gasoline), Gasoline motor, (leaded), Gasoline motor, (unleaded), Gate station, Gatherer, Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), Generating facility, Generating station G-2 - Generating unit, Generation, Generation company, Generator capacity, Generator nameplate capacity (installed), Geologic assurance, Geologic considerations, Geological and geophysical (G&G) costs, Geopressured, Geothermal energy, Geothermal plant, Geyser, Giga, Gigawatt (GW), Gigawatt-electric (GWe), Gigawatthour (GWh), Gilsonite, Global climate change, Global warming, Global warming potential (GWP), Greenhouse effect, Greenhouse gases, Green pricing, Grid, Gross energy intensity, Gross gas withdrawal, Gross generation, Gross head, Gross inputs, Gross input to atmospheric crude oil distillation units, Gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR), Gross withdrawals, Gross working interest ownership basis, Group, Group name, Group quarters, GWe, Gypsum H-1 - Half-life, Halogen lamp, Halogenated substances, Hand loading, Haulage cost, Head, Heap leach solutions, Heat content, Heat pump, Heat pump (air source), Heat pump (geothermal), Heat pump efficiency, Heat rate, Heated floorspace, Heating degree-days (HDD), Heating equipment, Heating intensity, Heating stove burning wood, coal, or coke, Heating value, Heavy gas oil, Heavy metals, Heavy oil, Heavy rail, Heavy water, Heavy-water-moderated reactor, Hedging, Hedging contracts H-2 - Heliostat, Henry Hub, High efficiency ballast, High efficiency lighting, High-intensity discharge (HID) lamp, High-mileage households, High-temperature collector, Highwall, Hinshaw pipeline, Holding company, Holding pond, Horizontal axis wind turbine, Horsepower, Host government, Hot dry rock, Hot tub, Hours under load, Household, Household energy expenditures, Housing unit, Hub height, Humidifier, Humidity, HVAC, HVAC conservation feature, HVAC DSM program, Hybrid transmission line, Hydraulic fracturing, Hydraulic head, Hydrocarbon, Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), Hydrocracking, Hydroelectric power, Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), Hydrogen, Hydrotreating, Hydroxyl radical (OH), Hypothetical resources (coal) I-1 - Identified resources, Idle capacity, IEA: International Energy Agency , Impedance, Imported crude oil burned as fuel, Imports, Improved recovery, Inadvertent power exchange, Incandescent lamp, Incandescent light bulbs, including regular or energy-efficient light bulbs, Incremental energy costs, Independent power producer, Independent system operator (ISO), Indian coal lease, Indicated reserves, Indicated resources, coal, Indirect cost, Indirect uses (end-use category), Indirect utility cost, Industrial production, Industrial restrictions (coal), Industrial sector, Inferred reserve base (coal), Inferred resources, In-house Demand-Side Management (DSM) program sponsor, Initial enrichment, Initial operation, Injections, Inoperable capacity I-2 - In situ leach mining (ISL), Installed nameplate capacity, Instantaneous peak demand, Instantaneous water heater, Institutional living quarters, Insulation, Insulation around heating and/or cooling ducts, Insulation around hot-water pipes, Insulation around water heater, Insulator, Intangible drilling and development costs (IDC), Integral collector storage (ICS), Integrated demand, Integrated gasification-combined cycle technology, Intensity, Intensity per hour, Interchange energy, Intercity bus, Interconnected system, Interconnection, Interdepartmental sales, Interdepartmental service (electric), Interest coverage ratio I-3 - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Interlocking directorates, Intermediate grade gasoline, Intermediate load (electric system), Intermittent electric generator or intermittent resource, Internal Collector Storage (ICS), Internal combustion plant, International bunker fuels, Interruptible gas, Interruptible load, Interruptible or curtailable rate, Interruptible power, Interstate companies, Interstate pipeline, Interstate pipeline purchase, Intransit deliveries, Intransit receipts, Intrastate companies, Intrastate pipeline, In-use (vehicles), Investment of municipality, Investments and advances to unconsolidated affiliates, Investor-owned utility (IOU), Ion exchange, Iron and steel industry, Irradiated nuclear fuel, Isobutane (C4H10), Isobutylene (C4H8), Isohexane (C6H14), Isomerization, Isopach, Isopentane, Isotopes J - Jacket, Jet fuel, Joint Implementation (JI), Joint-use facility, Joule (J), Joule's Law, Junction, Jurisdictional utilities K - Kaplan turbine, Kerosene, Kerosene-type jet fuel – for commercial aircraft & military aircraft, Ketone-alcohol (cyclohexanol), Kilovolt-Ampere (kVa), Kilowatt (kW), Kilowatt-electric (kWe), Kilowatthour (kWh), Kinetic energy, Kyoto Protocol, Lamp, Land use, Energy installation L-1 - Landfill gas, Langley, Large passenger car, Large pickup truck, Latitude and longitude, Leachate, Lead acid battery, Leaded gasoline, Leaded premium gasoline, Leaded regular gasoline, Leading edge, Lease and plant fuel, Lease condensate, Lease equipment, Lease fuel, Lease operations, Lease separation facility (lease separator), Leasehold reserves, Lessee, Levelized cost, Lift, Lifting costs, Light bulbs, Light-duty vehicles, Light gas oils, Light oil, Light rail, Light trucks L-2 - Light water, Light water reactor (LWR), Lighting conservation feature, Lighting equipment, Lights, Lignite, LIHEAP (Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program), Line loss, Line-miles of seismic exploration, LNG, Liquefied natural gas (LNG), Liquefied petroleum gases, Liquefied refinery gases (LRG), Liquid collector, Liquid metal fast breeder reactor, Load (electric), Load control program, Load curve, Load diversity, Load factor, Load following, Load leveling, Load loss (3 hours), Load management technique L-3 - Load on equipment, Load reduction request, Load shape, Load shedding, Local distribution company (LDC), Long-term debt, Long-term purchase, Long ton, Longwall mining, Loop flow, Loss of service (15 minutes), Low Btu gas, Low E glass, Low flush toilet, Low flow showerheads, Low head, Low power testing, Low-pressure sodium lamp, Low temperature collectors, Low volatile bituminous coal, Lubricants, Lumen, Lumens/Watt (lpw) M-1 - Machine drive (motors), Made available (vehicle), Magma, Main heating equipment, Main heating fuel, Mains, Major electric utility, Major energy sources, Major fuels, Major interstate pipeline company, Make-up air, Manhattan Project, Manual dimmer switches, Manufactured gas, Manufacturing, Market price settlement (uranium), Marketable coke, Masonry, Masonry stove, Mass burn facility, Master-metering, Maximum deliverability, Maximum demand, Maximum dependable capacity, net, Maximum established site capacity (reactors), Maximum hourly load, Maximum streamflow, Mcf M-2 - Mean indoor temperature, Mean operating hours, Mean power output (of a wind turbine), Mean square feet per building, Measured heated area of residence, Measured reserves, Measured resources, coal, Median, Median streamflow, Median water condition, Medium pressure, Medium-temperature collector, Medium-volatile bituminous coal, Megavoltamperes (MVA):  Millions of voltamperes, Megawatt (MW): One million watts of electricity, Megawatt electric (MWe): One million watts of electric capacity, Megawatthour (MWh), Mercaptan, Merchant coke plant, Merchant facilities, Merchant MTBE plants, Merchant oxygenate plants, Mercury vapor lamp, Merger, Met, Meta-anthracite, Metal halide lamp, Metallic M-3 - Metallurgical coal, Metered data, Metered peak demand, Methane, Methanogens, Methanol (CH3OH), Methanol blend, Methanotrophs, Methyl chloroform (trichloroethane), Methylene chloride, Metric conversion factors (for floorspace), Metric ton, Microcrystalline wax, Microgroove, Micrometer (or Micron), Microwave oven, Midgrade gasoline, Mid-size passenger car, Middle distillates, Middlings, Miles per gallon (MPG), Military use, Mill, Mill capital, Mill feed, Milling, Milling capacity, Milling of uranium, Million British Thermal Units, Minable, Mine capital, Mine count, Mineral, Mineral lease, Mineral-matter-free basis M-4 - Mineral rights, Mining, Mini van, Minimum streamflow, Mining operation, Minority carrier, Miscellaneous petroleum products, Miscellaneous reserves, Mixed waste, MMbbl/d, MMBtu, MMcf, MMgal/d, MMst, Mobile home, Moderator, Modules, Moist (coal) basis, Mole, Montreal Protocol, Motor gasoline blending, Motor gasoline blending components, Motor gasoline (finished), Motor speed, MPG, MPG shortfall, MSHA ID number, MTBE (methyl tertiary butyl ether) (CH3)3COCH3, Multiple completion well, Multiple cropping, Multiple purpose project, Multiple purpose reservoir, Municipal solid waste, Municipal waste, Municipal waste to energy project or plant, Municipality N-1 - Naphtha, Naphtha less than 401 degrees Fahrenheit, Naphthas, Naphtha-type jet fuel, Native gas, Natural gas, Natural gas, "dry": See Dry natural gas, Natural gas field facility, Natural gas gross withdrawals, Natural gas liquids (NGL), Natural gas liquids production, Natural gas marketed production, Natural gas plant liquids, Natural gas processing plant, Natural gas production, Natural gas utility demand-side management (DSM) program sponsor, Natural gasoline, Natural Gasoline and Isopentane N-2 - Natural reservoir pressure, Natural streamflow, Natural uranium, NERC, Net cell shipments, Net electricity consumption, Net energy for load, Net energy for system, Net generation, Net head, Net operable capacity, Net photovoltaic module shipment, Net summer capacity, Net winter capacity, Netback purchase, New field discoveries, New reservoir, Nitrogen dioxide, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Nitrous oxide (N2O), No. 1 diesel fuel, No. 1 distillate, No. 1 fuel oil, No. 2 distillate, No. 2 fuel oil (heating oil), No. 2 fuel oil and No. 2 diesel sold to consumers for all other end uses, No. 2 fuel oil sold to private homes for heating, No. 4 fuel oil, No. 5 and no. 6 fuel oil sold directly to the ultimate consumer, No. 5 and no. 6 fuel oil sold to refiners or other dealers who will resale the product N-3 - NOAA, Noload loss, Nonassociated natural gas, Nonattainment area, Nonbranded product, Noncoincident demand, Noncoincidental peak load, Nonconventional plant (uranium),Nondedicated vehicle, Nonfirm power, Nonfuel components, Nonfuel use (of energy), Nonfungible product, Nonhydrocarbon gases, Nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC), Nonoperating interest, Nonproducing reservoir, Nonrenewable fuels, Nonrequirements consumer, Nonresidential building, Nonroad alternative fuel vehicle (nonroad AFV), Nonspinning reserve, Nonutility generation, Nonutility power producer, Normal butane, North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC), North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), Nuclear electric power (nuclear power), Nuclear fuel, Nuclear reactor, Number of mines, Number of mining operations O-1 - Occupancy sensors, Ocean energy systems, Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), Octane, Octane rating, OEM, Off-highway use, Off-hours equipment reduction, Off peak, Off peak gas, Off-system, Offshore, Offshore reserves and production, Offsite-produced energy for heat, power, and electricity generation, Offsystem (natural gas), Ohm, Ohm's Law, Oil, Oil company use, Oil reservoir, Oil shale, Oil stocks, Oil well, Oil well (casinghead) gas, Old field, Old reservoir, On-highway use (diesel), On peak, On-system, On-system sales, One sun, One-time fee, Onsite transportation, Onsystem (natural gas) O-2 - OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries), Open access, Open market coal, Open refrigeration unit, Operable capacity, Operable generators/units, Operable nuclear unit (U.S.), Operable nuclear unit (foreign), Operable refineries, Operable unit, Operable utilization rate, Operated, Operating capacity, Operating day, Operating expenses, Operating income, Operating revenues, Operating subsidiary, Operating unit, Operating utilization rate, Operator, gas plant, Operator, oil and/or gas well, Optional delivery commitment, Order, Organic content, Organic waste O-3 - Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), Original cost, Original equipment manufacturer(OEM), Original equipment manufacturer vehicle, Other, Other capital costs, Other end users, Other energy operations, Other gas, Other generation, Other hydrocarbons, Other industrial plant, Other load management, Other oils equal to or greater than 401 degrees Fahrenheit, Other oxygenates, Outage, Outer Continental Shelf, Output, Oven, Overburden, Overburden ratio, Owned reserves, Oxidize, Oxygenated gasoline, Oxygenated gasoline (includes Gasohol), Oxygenates, Ozone, Ozone precursors P-1 - Packaged air conditioning units, Packaged units, Parabolic dish, Parabolic trough, Paraffin (oil), Paraffin (wax), Paraffinic hydrocarbons, Particulate, Passenger-miles traveled, Passive solar heating, Payables to municipality, Payment method for utilities, Peak day withdrawal, Peak demand, Peak kilowatt, Peak load, Peak load month, Peak load plant, Peak megawatt, Peak watt, Peaking capacity, Peat, Pentanes plus, Percent difference, Percent utilization, Perfluorocarbons (PFCs), Perfluoromethane, Permanently discharged fuel, Permeability, Persian Gulf, Petrochemical feedstocks, Petrochemicals, Petroleum, Petroleum coke, Petroleum coke, catalyst, Petroleum coke, marketable, Petroleum consumption, Petroleum imports P-2 - Petroleum jelly, Petroleum products, Petroleum refinery, Petroleum stocks, primary, pH, Photosynthesis, Photovoltaic and solar thermal energy (as used at electric utilities), Photovoltaic cell (PVC), Photovoltaic cell net shipments, Photovoltaic module, Pig iron, Pipeline, distribution, Pipeline freight, Pipeline fuel, Pipeline, gathering, Pipeline (natural gas), Pipeline (petroleum), Pipeline purchases, Pipeline quality natural gas, Pipeline, transmission, Pipelines, rate regulated, Pitcheblende, Place in service, Planetary albedo, Planned generator, Plant, Plant condensate, Plant hours connected to load, Plant liquids, Plant or gas processing plant, Plant products, Plant use, Plant-use electricity, Plugged-back footage, Plutonium (Pu), Pneumatic device P-3 - Pole-mile, Pole/Tower type, Polystyrene, Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Pondage, Pool, Pool site, Population-weighted degree-days, Pore space, Portable electric heater, Portable fan, Portable kerosene heater, Post-mining emissions, Potential consumption, Potential peak reduction, Pounds (district heat), Power, Power (electrical), Power ascension, Power exchange, Power exchange generation, Power exchange load, Power factor, Power loss, Power marketers, Power pool, Power production plant, Power transfer limit, Powerhouse, PP&E, additions to, Prediscovery costs, Pregnant solution, Preliminary permit (hydroelectric power), Premium gasoline, Preparation plant, Preproduction costs, Pressurized-water reactor (PWR) P-4 - Preventive maintenance program for heating and/or cooling equipment, Price, Primary coal, Primary energy, Primary energy consumption, Primary energy consumption expenditures, Primary fuels, Primary metropolitan statistical area (PMSA), Primary recovery, Primary transportation, Prime mover, Prime supplier, Private fueling facility, Privately owned electric utility, Probable energy reserves, Probable (indicated) reserves, coal, Process cooling and refrigeration, Process fuel, Process heating or cooling demand-side management (DSM) program, Process heating or cooling waste heat recovery, Processed gas, Processing P-5 - Processing gain, Processing loss, Processing of uranium, Processing plant, Producer, Producer and distributor coal stocks, Producer contracted reserves, Producing property, Production, Production capacity, Production costs, Production, crude oil, Production expenses, Production, lease condensate, Production, natural gas, Production, natural gas, dry, Production, natural gas liquids, Production, natural gas, wet after lease separation, Production, oil and gas, Production payments P-6 - Production plant liquids, Production, wet after lease separation, Productive capacity, Products supplied, Profit, Program cost, Propane (C3H8), Propane air, Propane, consumer grade, Proportional interest in investee reserves, Proposed rates, Propylene (C3H6), Prospecting, Prospecting costs, Proved energy reserves, Proved (measured) reserves, coal, Public authorities, Public authority service to public authorities, Public street and highway lighting, Public utility, Publicly owned electric utility, Pulp chips, Pulp wood, Pulping liquor (black liquor), Pumped-storage hydroelectric plant, Purchase-contract imports of uranium, Purchased, Purchased power, Purchased power adjustment, Pure pumped-storage hydroelectric plant, PURPA, Pyrolysis Q - Quad, Quadrillion, Qualifying facility (QF), Quality or grade (of coal) R-1 - R-value, Radiant barrier, Radiant ceiling panels, Radiant energy, Radiation, Radiative forcing, Radiatively active gases, Radiator, Radioactive waste, Radioactivity, Radioisotope, Radon, Rail (method of transportation to consumers), Railroad and railway electric service, Railroad locomotive, Railroad use, Range top, Rankine cycle, Rankine cycle engine, Rate base, Rate case, Rate schedule (electric), Rates, Rating, Ratio estimate, Ratoon crop, Rayleigh frequency distribution, Reactance, Reactive power R-2 - Real dollars, Real Power, Real price, Reasonably assured resources (RAR), Rebate program, Reburn, Recoverability, Recoverable coal, Recoverable proved reserves, Recoverable reserves, Recoverable reserves, estimated recoverable reserves (coal), Recovery factor (coal), Recovery percentage (coal), RECS, Rectifier, Recycled feeds, Recycling, Redox potential, Redrill footage, Reduced use-off hours, Reference month, Reference year, Refined petroleum products, Refiner, Refiner acquisition cost of crude oil, Refinery, Refinery capacity utilization, Refinery fuel, Refinery gas, Refinery input, crude oil, Refinery input, total R-3 - Refinery losses and gains, Refinery output, Refinery production, Refinery utilization rate, Refinery yield, Reflective film, Reflectivity, Reforestation, Reformulated gasoline, Refrigeration unit, Refunding, Refuse bank, Refuse-derived fuel (RDF), Refuse mine, Refuse recovery, Regional reserves, regional reserve estimates (coal), Regional Transmission Group, Regular grade gasoline, Regulated entity, Regulated streamflow, Regulation, Regulation, procedures, and practices, Reheating coils, Reinjected, Reinserted fuel, Reinsertion, Reliability (electric system), Relocation of tailings, Remaining (resources/reserves) (coal) R-4 - Renewable energy resources, Replacement energy source for primary heating, Replacement vehicle, Report State, Report week, Report year (calendar), Report year (fiscal), Reporting, Repowering, Repressuring, Reprocessing, Requirements power, Reregulation, Resale (wholesale) sales, Research and development (R&D), Reseller, Reserve, Reserve additions, Reserve generating capacity, Reserve margin (operating), Reserve revisions, Reserves, coal, reserves, coal, Reserves, energy, Reserves, net, Reserves changes, Reservoir, Reservoir capacity, Reservoir repressuring, Residential building, Residential/commercial (consumer category), Residential consumers, Residential energy consumption survey (RECS), Residential heating oil price, Residential propane price, Residential sector, Residential type central air conditioner, Residential vehicles, Residual fuel oil R-5 - Residue gas, Residuum, Resources (Coal), Respondent, Restoration time, Retail motor gasoline prices, Retail wheeling, Retailer, Retired hydropower plant sites, Revenue - (electricity), Revenue requirement, Reversible turbine, Revisions and additions (gross change in reserves), Ribbon silicon, Right-of-way, Rip rap, River (method of transportation to consumers - coal), Road oil, Rodlet or GAD basket, Roll front, Roof (coal), Roof insulation, Roof or ceiling insulation, Roof or ceiling insulation, insulation in exterior walls, Roof pond, Room air conditioner, Room heater burning gas, oil, and kerosene, Room-and-pillar mining, Room-and-pillar mining is done either by conventional or continuous mining, Rotary rig, Round test mesh, Roundwood, Royalty, Royalty cost, Royalty interest, Royalty interest (including overriding royalty), Rulemaking (regulations), Run off, Run-of-mine coal, Run-of-river hydroelectric plant, Running and quick-start capability, Rural Electrification Administration (REA) S-1 - Salable coal, Salable natural gas, Sales, Sales for resale, Sales to end users, Sales type, Sales volume (coal), Salt dome, Salt gradient solar ponds, Sample (coal), Schedule, Scheduled outage, Scoop loading, Screenings, Seam, Seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER), Seasonal pricing, Seasonal rates, Seasonal units, Seasoned wood, Secondary heating equipment, Secondary heating fuel, Sector, Securitization, Securitize, Selective absorber, Self-Generator, Seller type, Semianthracite, Semiconductor, Separate metering, Separative work unit (SWU), Septic tank, Series connection, Series resistance, Service area S-2 - Service provider, Service well, Shaft mine, Shakes/shingles, Shallow pitting, Shell storage capacity, Short circuit, Short circuit current, Shortwall mining, Shrinkage, Shut in, Sidetrack drilling, Siding, Silicon, Silt, Silt, culm, refuse bank, or slurry dam mining, Single-circuit line, Single crystal silicon, Single crystal silicon (Czochralsky), ingle-family housing unit, Single purpose project, Site characterization, Site energy, Site energy consumption, Site-specific information DSM program assistance, Sinter, Slope mine, Slot, Sludge, Slurry, Slurry dam, Small pickup truck, Small power producer (SPP), Sodium lights, Sodium silicate, Sodium tripolyphosphate, Solar cell, Solar constant, Solar cooling, Solar declination, Solar dish, Solar energy, Solar pond, Solar power tower S-3 - Solar radiation, Solar spectrum, Solar thermal collector, Solar thermal collector, high temperature, Solar thermal collector, low-temperature, Solar thermal collector, medium-temperature, Solar thermal collector, special, Solar thermal panels, Solar thermal parabolic dishes, Solar trough or solar parabolic trough, Source material, Space heating, Special collector, Special contract rate schedule, Special naphthas, Special nuclear material, Special purpose rate schedule, Specular reflectors, Speculative resources (coal), Speculative resources (uranium), Spent fuel, Spent fuel disassembly hardware, Spent liquor, Spillway, Spinning reserve, Split system, Split tails, Spontaneous combustion, or self-heating, of coal, Spot market (natural gas), Spot market (uranium), Spot-market price, Spot price, Spot purchases, Stabilization lagoon, Stability, Stack, Stand-alone generator S-4 - Standard contract, Standard fluorescent, Standby charge, Standby electricity generation, Standby facility, Standby heat loss, Standby service, Startup test phase of nuclear power plant, Startup/flame stabilization fuel, Station (electric), Station use, Steam, Steam (purchased), Steam boiler, Steam coal, Steam electric power plant (conventional), Steam expenses, Steam for heating/cooling, Steam from other sources, Steam or hot water radiators or baseboards, Steam or hot-water system, Steam transferred-credit, Steam turbine, Still gas (refinery gas), Stock change, Stocks, Storage additions, Storage agreement, Storage capacity S-5 - Storage field capacity (underground gas storage), Storage hydroelectric plant, Storage site, Storage withdrawals, Storm door, Storm or multiple glazing, Storm window, Stranded benefits, Stranded costs, Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR), Stratigraphic test well, Stratosphere, Stream-flow, Strip mine, Strip mining (surface), Strip or stripping ratio, Stripper well, Styrene, Subbituminous coal, Subcompact/compact passenger car, Subdivision, Submetered data, Subsidiary, Substation, Subtransmission S-6 - Sulfur, Sulfur dioxide (SO2), Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), Sulfur oxides (SOx), Summer and winter peaking, Superconductivity, Supplemental gas, Supplemental gaseous fuels supplies, Supply, Supply, petroleum, Supply source, Support equipment and facilities, Supporting structure, Surface drilling expenses (uranium), Surface mine, Surface mining equipment, Surface mining methods, Surface rights, Surplus energy, Suspended rates, Swamp coolers (evaporative coolers), Switching station, Synthetic natural gas (SNG), System (gas), System (electric), System interconnection T-1 - Tailgate, Tailings, Tall oil, TAME, Tangible development costs, Tank farm, Tanker and barge, Tar sands, Tariff, Tax-cost, Temperature coefficient (of a solar photovoltaic cell), Temporarily discharged fuel, Terawatthour, Term agreement, Terminal location, Tertiary amyl methyl ether, Tertiary butyl alcohol, Test well contribution, Therm, Thermal, Thermal cracking, Thermal efficiency, Thermal energy storage, Thermal limit, Thermal resistance (R-Value), Thermal storage, Thermocouple, Thermodynamics, Thermophotovoltaic cell, Thermosiphon system, Thermostat, Thorium, Three-phase power, Tidewater piers and coastal ports T-2 - Tie line, Time clocks or timed switches, Time-of-day lock-out or limit, Time-of-day pricing, Time-of-day rate, Timing differences, Tinted or reflective glass or shading films, Tipple, Tolling arrangement, Toluene (C6H5CH3), Ton mile, Topping cycle, Total discoveries, Total gas in storage, Total liquid hydrocarbon reserves, Total operated basis, Transfer capability, Transfer price, Transformer, Transmission and distribution loss, Transmission (electric) (verb), Transmission circuit, Transmission line, Transmission network, Transmission system (electric), Transmission type (engine), Transmitting utility, Transport, Transportation agreement, Transportation energy expenditures, Transportation sector, Transported gas, Transporter, Transshipment, Treating plant, Trillion Btu, Troposphere, Trough, Trunk line, Turbine, Type of drive (vehicle) U-1 - Ultraviolet, Unaccounted for (crude oil), Unaccounted for (natural gas), Uncompleted wells, equipment, and facilities costs, Unconsolidated entity, Unconventional oil and natural gas production, Unbundling, Underground gas storage Underground gas storage reservior capacity, Underground mine, Underground mining equipment, Underground mining methods, Underground storage, Underground storage injections, Underground storage withdrawals, Undifferentiated/unspecified reserves and production, Undiscovered resources (coal), Unfilled requirements, Unfinished oils U-2 - Unfractionated streams, Unglazed solar collector, Unit price, Unit value, consumption, Unit value, wellhead, United States, Unleaded gasoline, Unleaded midgrade gasoline, Unleaded premium gasoline, Unleaded regular gasoline, Unprocessed gas, Unregulated Entity, Unscheduled outage service, Uranium (U), Uranium concentrate, Uranium deposit, Uranium endowment, Uranium hexaflouride (UF6), Uranium importation, Uranium mill, Uranium mill tailings, Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act (UMTRA) of 1978, Uranium ore, Uranium oxide, Uranium property, Uranium reserves, Uranium resource categories (international), U.S. refiner acquisition cost of imported crude oil, Usage agreement, Used and useful, Useful thermal output, Utility, Utility distribution companies, Utility generation, Utility-sponsored conservation program V - Vacuum distillation, Value (of shipments), Value added by manufacture, Vapor displacement, Vapor-dominated geothermal system, Vapor retarder, Variable air volume (VAV) system on the heating and cooling system, Variable fuel vehicle, Variable-speed wind turbines, Vehicle fuel consumption, Vehicle fuel efficiencies, Vehicle fuel expenditures, Vehicle identification number (VIN), Vehicle importer, Vehicle miles traveled (VMT), Vented, Vented natural gas, Vented/Flared, Ventilation system, Vertical-axis wind turbine (VAWT), Vertical integration, Vessel, Vessel bunkering, VIN (vehicle identification number), Virgin coal, Visbreaking, Volatile matter, Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), Volatile solids, Volt (V), Voltage, Voltage reduction, Volumetric wires charge W-1 – Wafer, Walk-in refrigeration units, Wall insulation, Warm-air furnace, Warranty contracts, Waste coal, Waste energy, Waste heat boiler, Waste heat recovery, Waste materials, Waste oils and tar, Wastewater, domestic and commercial, Water bed heater, Water conditions, Water heated in furnace, Water heater, Water heating DSM programs, Water heating equipment, Water pollution abatement equipment, Water pumping, Water reservoir, Water source heat pump, Water turbine, Water vapor, Water well, Water wheel, Waterway, Watt (W), Watthour (Wh), Wattmeter, Wax, Weather stripping or caulking W-2 - Weir, Well, Well water for cooling, Wellhead, Wellhead price, Wet bottom boiler, Wet natural gas, Wheeling charge, Wheeling service, White spirit, Whole-house colling fan, Wholesale competition, Wholesale electric power market, Wholesale power market, Wholesale price, Wholesale sales, Wholesale transmission services, Wholesale wheeling, Wind energy, Wind energy conversion system (WECS) or device, Wind farm, Wind power plant, Wind turbine, Wires charge, Wood and waste (as used at electric utilities), Wood conversion to Btu, Wood energy, Wood pellets, Working (top storage) gas, Working interest, Gross working interest, Net working interest X - Xylene (C6H4(CH3)2) Y - Yellowcake General Reference Web Portals The following portals provide resources on research, directory, search engine / search engines, yellow pages, classifieds AOL, Yahoo, Google, eBay, YouTube, Yahoo Groups, Wikipedia, CNN, Time, Forbes, Fortune, BBC

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