Obesity in Women – Causes, Treatments, Cures

 

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Obesity in Women – Causes, Treatments, Cures

 

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Obesity in Women – Causes, Treatments, Cures

 

Women and Obesity

 

Obesity plays a significant role in causing poor health in women, negatively affecting quality of life and shortening quantity of life. More than half of adult U.S. women are overweight, and more than one-third are obese. The life expectancy of women in the U.S. is approaching 80 years of age, and more women than ever are expected to turn 65 in the second decade of the new millennium. Prevention and early treatment of obesity are crucial to ensuring a healthy population of women of all ages.

 

Prevalence

 

For women, ages 20 to 74, 62 percent are overweight (Body Mass Index (BMI) of 25 or more) and about half of that population (34 percent) is obese (BMI of 30 or more).

 

Socioeconomic Status (SES)

 

Obesity appears to have a strong inverse relationship with SES (obesity increases as income level decreases) among women in developed societies such as the U.S.

 

Low-income women in minority populations appear most likely to be overweight.

 

Age

 

Middle-age women are at a particularly high risk of becoming obese. The prevalence of obesity among middle-age women (ages 35 to 64) has increased at a minimum of 2 percentage points per year over a 40-year time period from 1960 to 2000. Table 4 indicates prevalence changes in obesity (BMI of 30 or more) between 1960 and 2000 for U.S. women in various middle-age groups.

 

Race

 

Among U.S. adults, black (non-Hispanic) women have the highest prevalence of overweight (78 percent) and obesity (50.8 percent).

Table 5 shows the discrepancy in overweight and obesity prevalence among U.S. women (ages 20 to 74) by racial / ethnic group.

 

Mortality

 

A direct association has been found between body weight and deaths from all-causes in women, ages 30 to 55.

 

When BMI exceeds 30, the relative risk of death related to obesity increases by 50 percent.

 

Health Effects

 

There are many obesity-related conditions, which uniquely or mostly affect women, including those detailed below.

 

Arthritis

 

Women with obesity have almost four times the risk of osteoarthritis as non-obese women. A stronger association between osteoarthritis and obesity has been observed in women than in men.

 

Birth Defects

 

Maternal obesity (BMI > 29) has been associated with an increased incidence of neural tube defects (NTD) in several studies, although variable results have been found in this area.

 

Folate intake, which decreases the risk of NTD’s, was found in one study to have a reduced effect with higher pre-pregnancy weight.

Breast Cancer

 

After menopause, women with obesity have a higher risk of developing breast cancer. In addition, weight gain after menopause may also increase breast cancer risk.

 

Women who gain about 45 pounds or more after age 18 are twice as likely to develop breast cancer after menopause than women with no weight gain.

 

Before menopause, high BMI has been associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer. However, a recent study found an increased risk of the most lethal form of breast cancer, called inflammatory breast cancer (IBC), in women with BMI as low as 26.7 regardless of menopausal status.

 

Before menopause, women who are overweight and have breast cancer appear to have a shorter life span than women with lower BMI.

Endometrial Cancer (EC)

 

Women with obesity have three to four times the risk of EC than women with lower BMI.

 

An estimated 34 to 56 percent of EC risk can be attributed to overweight.

 

Body size is a risk factor for EC regardless of where fat is distributed in the body. Women with obesity and diabetes have a 3-fold increase in risk for EC above the risk of obesity alone

 

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

 

In middle and older age groups, heavier weight is associated with CVD and its risk factors, particularly for women.

 

Gallbladder Disease

 

Obesity is the best-established predictor of gallbladder disease in women. Women with obesity have at least twice the risk of gallstone disease than women of normal weight.

 

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